Flying geese paradigm

The flying geese model (Japanese雁 行 形态 论Ganko Keitairon, english flying- geese model) is a system developed by Kaname Akamatsu explanatory model of economic geography and economic history. It serves to illustrate the economic development on the example of some Asian countries, especially the tigers.

This model refers to the Start ( Take Off ) and in - formation - flying geese. This behavior is also typical of these states. As the geese initially launched a country, Japan, with the economic recovery and the others followed his example.

Typical is the following chronological order:

  • First country's dependence on imports
  • Import substitution through the introduction of light industry
  • Therefore low domestic demand ( for imports )
  • Export promotion through labor-intensive production
  • Import restrictions ( import duties ) of the importing countries; rising wages and thus competition from other low-wage countries
  • Coupling of import substitution and export promotion by capital-and human-capital - intensive production
  • Rising wages and competition from other emerging countries; low competitiveness in terms of innovation
  • Intensification of high-tech industries to the competitiveness with other industrialized countries

Following this pattern, could as several countries, rows ' behind Japan rising:

  • When, leader of 'Japan
  • The Tigers South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
  • The Panther States Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines
  • The dragon State 'China
  • Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh

Criticism

Critics of the model that, despite its clarity pursues a purely descriptive approach and neglected the causes and specific conditions of economic development over time.

In the wake of the Asian crisis caused by " turbulence " has been criticism that the parallels between Asian emerging countries apparently can not exist in the similarity of their economic structures, but are rooted in a similar position in the world economy. The diverse economic and social differences recorded therefore responsible for ensuring that " the idea of ​​a ' formation flight ' of the ' Pacific flight geese ' today be shelved [ must ]. For disordered are their trajectories to different flight maneuvers and flying skills. " (Mark Pohlmann: The Development of Capitalism in East Asia and the lessons of the Asian financial crisis, p 377)

V-Formation Import substitution industrialization Capital (economics) Tiger Cub Economies Positioning
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