Franz Ernst Christian Neumann

Franz Ernst Christian Neumann ( born January 30, 1834 in Königsberg ( Prussia); † March 6, 1918 ) was a German pathologist and hematologist.

Life

Franz Ernst Christian Neumann was the grandson of the naturalist Karl Gottfried Hagen and son of the physicist Franz Ernst Neumann. With his brothers Carl Gottfried Neumann and Friedrich Julius E. Neumann Neumann visited the old-urban school in Königsberg. After graduation in 1850, he finished first mathematical and philosophical lectures and eventually switched over to the Medical Faculty of the University of Konigsberg.

He studied from 1850 at the Albertus University of Königsberg and received his PhD in 1855. One of his teachers was Hermann von Helmholtz. After further studies at the Charles University in Prague and at the Charité Virchow, he became in 1866 professor in Königsberg. He took over only a year earlier furnished Pathological Institute of the Virchow- pupil Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen. Neumann ran it until 1903.

He was married to Anna King (1839-1903), a daughter of the high school professor of mathematics and astronomy Johann Friedrich König (1798-1865) and a sister of the Parisian scholar and fine mechanic Rudolph Koenig ( 1832-1901 ). Three of the six children died at an early age. The son of Richard Ernst Neumann was a mathematician at the University of Marburg and Helene Neumann (1874-1942) painter and graphic as a pupil of Heinrich Wolff.

Died at 84 years, Neumann was buried at the cemetery in the first Tragheim hooves (Königsberg ).

Overview pathology, hematology

Just three years after taking over the Institute of Pathology Neumann described the " lympoide marrow cell " in the bone marrow. In 1868 he described the bone marrow as a site of hematopoiesis and presented the concept of stem cell hematopoiesis on. He also described the acute myeloid leukemia.

With this " sensation of the first rank " ( Boroviczeny ) this Pathological Institute went down in the history of medicine, because that was 1868, the specialty of the "modern hematology of the 19th century " from pathology removed ( Wintrobe and Tavassoli ). In addition to the hematology included Neumann's work areas the pathology, including especially the nerves and muscle regeneration, the pigment and inflammatory teaching and dentistry. The versatility of his work resulted in the literature several times to him the honorary designation as " Virchow of the East".

Published in 2007, Zech et al. following text: " The beginning of stem cell research can be dated back to Ernst Neumann, who appointed professor of pathology at what Koenigsberg in 1866 and Described in a preliminary communication the presence of nucleated red blood cells in bone marrow (BM ) saps. He Concluded in his subsequent offer papers, did falling on postembryonic life, erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis are taking place in the BM. On the basis of his observation, Ernst Neumann what the first to postulate the BM as blood forming organ with a common SC for all hematopoietic cells. "

Hematologic studies, blood pigments

Studies on regeneration processes in tooth and bone tissue, about electrophysiological studies on the erythrocyte membrane and the icterus neonatorum, which he demarcated from pathological jaundice, led in 1868 to the first description of the cell of origin of the red blood cells. 1869 followed by the first description of the morphology of the bone marrow, including its capillary venous vasculature. In the same paper, he pointed out that the bone marrow, in addition to the spleen and liver, an embryonic hematopoiesis organ represents. All studies were performed with the first described by him wet mount ( microscopic examination at a cell level without chemical additives).

On the basis of blood smear, conducted by Neumann at the bedside, he described 1869/71 the bone marrow induced leukemia, which he calls " myelogenous leukemia," called in contrast to " Myloiden leukemia " (mark similar leukemia) Paul Ehrlich. In 1878, Neumann moved the production of white blood cells ( Leukozytopoese ) in the bone marrow. 1882 was followed by the description of the law on the distribution of the yellow and red bone marrow in the extremities ( "Neumann -law ", M. Wintrobe )

Another haematological law was formulated in 1888 by Neumann, the Exklusionsgesetz the Hämoglobinabkömmlinge (red blood pigment ). It means that the blood pigment " hemosiderin " ( Neumann ) is formed in a living organism, while the hematoidin represents the pigment symbol of necrosis.

In a comprehensive hematological work from 1912 Neumann defines the post- embryonic hematopoiesis from the marrow cell described by him in 1869, which he later with P. Ehrlich and AW Maximov as " large lymphocytes ", finally in 1912 as a pluripotent " großlymphozytäre stem cell" for all blood cell series called, from which, therefore, the erythro- and leuco the lymphocytopoiesis developed ( Unitarian point of view ). The reticulum, in turn, is the tissue of origin of hematopoiesis in the embryonic liver, spleen and bone marrow. Furthermore, Neumann provided significant contributions to the clinical picture of pernicious anemia.

Studies of general pathology and pathological anatomy

Doctrine of inflammation

In the 19th century in Europe, bloodletting was still widespread, Neumann championed as one of the first pathologists the hypothesis that inflammation is primarily a healing process for the protection of the organism. The inflammation has been divided into an inflammatory process, starting from the " laesio continui " or micronecrosis and regeneratorischen process. In the healing phase regeneratorischen the connective tissue plays a dominant role. Neumann gave the fibroblasts her name, and described their behavior in inflammatory processes. In 1896 he coined the term " fibrinoid degeneration ", and later " fibrinoid necrosis " for an inflammatory response to serous membranes, in contrast to " fibrinous exudation " ( Neumann, 1896).

Degeneration and regeneration of muscle and nerve

The muscle buds designated by Neumann represent a form of striated muscle tissue regeneration dar. Here, the regenerative eversion of Regenerationsepithels (connective tissue ) plays a crucial role.

Regarding the studies on nerve degeneration and regeneration, Neumann already nerve grafts in animal experiments by. He estimated the Schwann cells, a very high by they should have on the regeneration of severed nerves a significant proportion ( Schwann neuroblasts or cell chain theory). The " Neumann'sche nervous Development Act " includes the relationship of the motor nerve pathways in timed relation to the system of the brain in the embryo.

Neumann'scher tumor

The Neumann'sche tumor corresponds to the first description of congenital epulis.

Dentistry

The Neumann tooth sheaths are independent walls of the dentinal tubules, which are particularly resistant to chemical substances and where are the Tome'schen tooth fibers. The dental caries is an active process of living tooth due to an external influence with inflammatory swelling of the tooth fibers is under widening the tooth sheaths and thus narrowing the dentinal tubules.

Awards

Neumann was appointed in 1883 to the Privy Medicinal Rath. Neumann received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Tübingen (1898 ) and Geneva ( 1915). 1916 Eagle Order, he was awarded. On his 80th birthday he his former students and the Albertus University of Königsberg presented a gold plaque made ​​of Stanislaus Cauer. Also prepared by Stanislaus Cauer plaster plaques are found today in the Medical History Museum in Ingolstadt and in Berlin. On the occasion of the presentation of the " Ernst Neumann Awards" on August 27, 1995 Dusseldorf as part of the 24th Meeting of the International Society for Experimental Hematology, this medal was cast in gold and new to the winner Prof. D. Metcalf for his services to the hematology presented (see link). Furthermore, E. Neumann received a gebührenen him space at the exhibition " European dimension of Königsberg natural sciences of the 19th century " on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of the city of Königsberg / Kaliningrad in 2005.

Works (selection)

• Contributions to the knowledge of the dentin and bone tissue. Leipzig, 1863.
• The same over the different comportment of paralyzed muscles against the constant and induced current and the explanation. German Clinic, Berlin, 1864, 16: pp.65 -69.
• For histology of the red blood cells. In: Central Journal for Medical Sciences 3/31 (1865 ): pp.481 -484 [ not in blood and pigments ]
• About the importance of the bone marrow for blood formation. Preliminary communication. In: Central Journal for Medical Sciences No. 44 (1868 )
• About the importance of the bone marrow for blood formation. A contribution to the history of development of blood cells. Wagner Archives of medicine X ( 1869) [ reprint in blood and pigments Fischer, Jena, 1917, pp. 6-51 ]
• A case of leukemia with bone marrow disorder. [ Ernst Leberecht Wagner ] Archives of Surgery, Leipzig, 1870, 11: 1-14.
• The law on the distribution of the yellow and red bone marrow Central Journal for Medical Science. 18 (1882) 321-323
• Some experiments on nerve transplants. Arch for Development Mechanics 6 H. 4 (1898 ) pp. 326-236
• Hematologic studies III, leukocytes and leukemia. Archive for Microscopic Anatomy and Developmental History, 1912, 207: 480-520. [ also in: Blood and pigments. Fischer, Jena, 1918. ]
• New contribution to the knowledge of the embryonic liver. Arch of Microscopic Anatomy 85, parts I (1914 ) 480-520
• Blood and pigments - Collected papers with additives.. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1917 (eg " Großlymphozytäre stem cell" 1912, pp. 313 - Introduction of the stem cell pool by mitotic division )