French formal garden

The first Baroque gardens were created in the Baroque period in France, they are called so and French gardens. As a milestone in the Baroque garden art palace and park of Vaux- le -Vicomte are to be considered.

  • 3.1 baroque gardens Dutch embossing
  • 3.2 Rococo Gardens
  • 4.1 Germany
  • 4.2 Austria
  • 4.3 France
  • 4.4 Italy
  • 4.5 Poland
  • 4.6 Russia

The development of the baroque gardens

Conceptually, the baroque park goes back to the Italian Renaissance garden. However, was the garden of the Renaissance smaller, less differentiated, formed by the addition of numerous so-called compartments and often unrelated to each building, the Baroque garden is part of the architectural concept of the castle. The development of Baroque architecture and garden design largely in line with the designs of large-scale gardens were part of the self-understanding of the absolutist princes who expressed power and prosperity using the tamed nature. The most significant architect of the baroque garden was André Le Nôtre. His work and the work of his pupils, such as Dominique Girard, influenced the landscaping of the entire era. The planning of the parks was in direct collaboration with the architects of the residences.

The castle park, the castle, outbuildings and often also one of the residence upstream village, as in Karlsruhe, Mannheim and Versailles, form a creative whole. The garden itself is arranged geometrically with major and minor axes, which are formed by channels, basins or channels. Most central visual axis is surrounded by a system of parallel and at regular intervals perpendicular and star-shaped intersecting paths. The thus separated compartments are geometrically pruned trees and shrubs, hedges and flower beds in ornamental forms, lawns and Mediterranean plants (which are housed in the winter in an orangery ) designed. These additional accents are often set by stairways, passages, grottoes, fountains and water features. In keeping with the age of the rationalism of the Baroque garden is an entirely artificial, created by humans formations. When planning highest value was placed on regularity and symmetry.

The installation, maintenance and organization of the baroque gardens sometimes required thousands of workers. In many places, had a large area swamp or forest areas are reclaimed, long channels were from design to technical reasons, but mainly for irrigation or drainage drawn. Legions of gardeners were with the rearing of flowering plants as busy as the trimming of hedges. The large and small princely courts of the era were with their enormous royal household and the large gardens are major employers and economic factors.

From 1750, the baroque garden was replaced by the English landscape garden, which corresponded to the spirit of sensibility better. A completely preserved Baroque gardens are to be found only rarely today. In many places the intensive care Baroque garden completely disappeared, he often mingled with the new style of the landscape park.

The system of the Baroque gardens

Common to all areas of the baroque garden is the decoration program. The Greek and Roman mythology were popular topics of the era, the events and figures were presented in magnificent fountains and figure groups. Also the beginning of the 18th century, the exotic assumed a larger role, and the gardens were equipped with interpretations of Chinese temples or Turkish tea houses. Since the Baroque park served mainly the glorification of its owner, and allegories can be found on the deeds or his rank. One example is the water basin in front of the Palace of Versailles; these are decorated with statues representing France's largest rivers, and thus symbolically announce the size of the country.

The classic Baroque park the French style is divided into a certain sequence of garden areas:

The ground floor

Before the garden facade of the castle is the ground floor. The terrace-like surfaces in the immediate vicinity of the castle are most splendidly decorated and created for the top view from the main floor. Ornamental lawns, flower beds, according to Ars Topiaria trimmed box trees and water features form baroque form elements and figures. The surfaces are sprinkled with colorful gravel and imitate fine embroidery, these so-called Broderieparterres are the artistic culmination of a baroque garden. To initiate a transition of the gardening world the most equally richly decorated facades of the palace. Further away from the castle less flower plantations are cultivated and instead vert grass carpets, called Tapis, or created large water basins, these quiet areas are to attune your senses to the actual splendor beds in front of the main façade. A special form of the parterre is the parterre de pièces pour les fleurs coupées.

The bosket

The shrubbery is the hedge and coppice area of the baroque garden. Its mostly straight outer sides are formed by dense, cut in a geometrically precise shapes hedges or low trees. The boskets are almost always built in mirror symmetry and are mostly parallel on both sides of the main axis of the garden. The structured such areas include lounges outdoors, they repeat a certain extent the interior of the castle in the outside world. Here, the Bosketten are different uses intended for, so often hedge theater, mazes or open " concert halls ". You can provide a framework for pavilions or small pleasure palaces.

The forest

Of the Bosketten the roads lead to vast forest area of ​​the park. Long avenues are merged into star-shaped corridors, the horizon playfully extended into the distance. The axial structure hunting areas could be easily reached and were comfortable to drive through with carriages to the multiplicity landscaped paths. The actual forest served as a hunting ground for the court society, Jesus fulfilled the necessary function equally as a foraging area as well as a place of pleasure.

Stylistic development

Originally from France, the baroque gardens in Europe developed in part stylistically. The basic motives of the French garden were usually obtained as circumcised boskets, a mythological sculptural decoration and structure by lines of sight, but the individual components were later composed differently.

Dutch Baroque gardens embossing

Particularly influential was the garden architecture of the Dutch. During the coined by Le Nôtre French garden is characterized primarily by the use of large water and lawns, deep sightlines and a relatively modest floral decoration, the Dutch gardens are small-scale design and less intent on action at a distance, but lush decorated with splendid embroideries. The even then far -reaching trade contacts of the Dutch led to an intensive use of imported flowers in the gardens. The most famous work of a Dutch garden is found in Het Loo. By Dutch models affected plants are, for example, the Great Park in Hanover and the parks of Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark.

Rococo gardens

In the first half of the 18th century developed from the spacious baroque gardens partly intimate gardens of the Rococo. In the plants of the Rococo age are not usually oversized open spaces of the French gardens and the individual areas were more modest dimensions. Also, the symmetrical basic concept of the classic French garden was abandoned and partially waived a powerful main axis. In figure decoration a departure from heavy, mythological motifs took place towards serene representations with groups of cherubs or Bacchantes. The boskets received equipment in the form of playful hermitages and ruins, known as Follies.

As an example for a garden, the garden of the rococo castle Veitshoechheim or the assets of the Bayreuth Hermitage apply. In northern Germany the garden of Castle Traventhal was praised, a historicist variant was created in the 19th century at Linderhof Castle.

Selection of baroque gardens

It should be noted that not all baroque parks are intact and in many places portions of the gardens have been transformed over the centuries.

Germany

  • The palace gardens of Schloss Hohenaltheim
  • The castle garden in Erlangen
  • The Hesperides in Nuremberg
  • The castle garden in Delitzsch
  • Augustusburg Castle in Brühl
  • Schwetzingen Castle Park
  • Garden of the Wurzburg Residence
  • Schleissheim Palace in Unterschleissheim
  • Schloss Nymphenburg in Munich
  • Baroque garden in Dresden
  • Large garden in Herrenhausen
  • The Provost's garden in Hirzenach
  • Park of castle Veitshoechheim near Würzburg ( Rococo Garden )
  • Castle Park Ludwigsburg
  • Park of the Stadtschloss City Palace
  • Gutspark Jersbek in Hamburg
  • Kloster Kamp Kamp- Lintfort
  • Castle garden of Schloss Weikersheim
  • Baroque Garden of Gottorp Castle with Globe House in Schleswig
  • French garden of the castle Benrath in Dusseldorf
  • Hundisburg Castle in Saxony -Anhalt
  • Baroque garden Zabeltitz in Meissen
  • The scale of Johann Moritz Park in Cleves

Austria

  • Mirabell Gardens in Salzburg
  • Park of Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna
  • Grounds of Belvedere Palace in Vienna
  • Augarten in Vienna
  • Park of Schloss Hof in Lower Austria

France

  • Park of the Palace of Versailles, near Paris
  • Park of castle of Vaux- le -Vicomte near Paris
  • Park of Chateau de Chantilly, north of Paris
  • Palace Park Chanteloup in Amboise

Italy

  • Gardens at the Palace of Caserta, near Naples
  • Park of Stupinigi in Turin

Poland

  • Park of Schloss Nieborów, Łódź Voivodeship

Russia

  • Park of Peterhof Palace in St. Petersburg
  • Park of the Catherine's Palace in St. Petersburg

Pictures of French formal garden

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