Gabelsberger shorthand

The Gabelsberger shorthand (or Gabelsbergersche shorthand ) is a technology developed by Franz Xaver Gabelsberger and by him as speech draftsmanship designated German cursive shorthand. The Gabelsberger shorthand was at the turn of the 20th century in Germany and Austria, with an estimated four million users, the largest school of about twenty competing with each other shorthand systems. The Gabelsbergersche system was also applied to numerous other languages ​​, since it took off with his cursive, that is consistent to be written system of the hitherto widespread graphical systems. After the introduction of German Unity shorthand 1924, when its predecessor, it is considered next to the system Stolze- Schrey, the distribution of this shorthand system declined progressively. It has mainly historical significance today.

History

Franz Xaver Gabelsberger developed his system, which he used from 1819 in his job as a clerk, from 1817. 1834 he published his system under the title " Guide to German speech character art." A further development with respect to any applicable reductions was published in 1843 under the title " New perfections ." Begun in 1848, second edition of "Talk draftsmanship " could not be completed by Gabelsberger before his death in 1849. This was finally completed by the Munich stenographers Central Club on the basis of the posthumous recording in 1850.

Even before the death fork Bergers created three directions Gabelsberger shorthand, which after his death were arguing about which of the three schools should have the supremacy. The aim of the Viennese school, which consisted mainly of parliamentary stenographers, to further develop the shorthand for practical reasons, especially regarding the cuts and brevity of the writing was. The Dresden school, however, had set itself the overall distribution of the system to the target and therefore focused increasingly on improved distinctness within the system. The aim of the Munich School, which stood between the other two schools, was the strict tradition of the spellings fork Bergers.

In order to forestall the breakup of the three schools, in 1852 in Munich, a stenographer Assembly Gabelsberger 's schools convened, which established the Munich decisions drafted in general terms, common rules, which as a system certificate still were the original writings fork Bergers. Because in the meantime were also defective textbooks Gabelsberger shorthand on the market, included a further decision of the Munich meeting a price of 50 florins for the best, ducted shortest textbook Gabelsberger shorthand, which ultimately awarded to the Augsburg prelates Jerome Gratz Müller been. Based on controversies within the Saxon Stenographic Institute Gabelsberger Shorthand 1857 defined by the Dresdner decisions conducting an initial comprehensive system certificate, which was founded in 1895 by the Vienna decisions and reformed in 1902 by the Berlin decisions on. The reform of 1902 can also be seen in the context of the then increasing pressure through the system Stolze- Schrey. The Berlin decisions led to some heated discussions among the students Gabelsberger 's schools.

1906 was proposed by the national chairman of the school Gabelsberger introduce modeled on the Orthographic Conference of 1901 a unification conference for shorthand, as set by the knowledge within the different systems of shorthand that only a single shorthand is sustainable. After the beginning of the unification conferences 1912 or from the Reichstag resolution 1924 on the introduction of German Unity shorthand Gabelsberger 's shorthand schools and stenographers clubs went over gradually to the new system, which to this day still held courses for Gabelsberger shorthand.

Short System Overview

As today's German unit shorthand divided the Gabelsbergersche system in a transport document and in a speech writing, these two steps are each not further subdivided. The traffic signature is divided on the one in the teaching of word formation and the other in the teaching of the (simple) word cuts. The speech font defines the set of cuts, ie the reduction of words in the sentence.

Stenographic Spelling

Similar to the German unit shorthand, a simplified spelling is also true in the Gabelsberger shorthand. There are, therefore, usually no stretch characters for vowels and up to ll, rr, ss and ß Do not double vowels and double consonants shown with ss and ß, and s and s are not distinguished. Diphthongs and umlauts, if no likelihood of confusion, to be replaced by simpler vowels. Foreign words are usually written after the debate.

Writing Space

The writing space Gabelsberger shorthand between so-called lower and upper limit is writing four levels high and is divided into three areas. The middle section, the line space between baseline and topline and is a step up. The areas under and above it are high levels of both 1.5. In the context of high and low positions of letters exceeding the upper or lower limit font is optional, but it should be as far as possible avoided. Each advertised word must touch the base line.

Consonants and vowels

The Gabelsberger shorthand knows at least a literal name for every letter of the alphabet. The individual letters of a word are written directly after the other and connected to a hairline, where the next letter will be attached directly to each of the row height of the end of the previous letter.

The consonants f, p, v and t have two similar display options, which differ by whether written up or down; why they are called convertible characters. By appropriate use of the convertible mark or by single cuts along the baseline overwriting the upper and lower limits of writing should be avoided. This also Anlautvokale and certain prefixes can leave their place and be certain characters quoted above. Standing l or s in word-initial, so here falls away to the so-called primer, at the end of the word Nachstrich; The latter also applies for a, i, j and y. When double consonants to be referred to, this can be done through a character-dependent close succession, by doubling loop or by increasing the character. The system certificate Gabelsberger shorthand defined in addition a relatively extensive set of rules regarding the presentation of vowels and consonant clusters (so-called consonances ), which is why it was described by representatives of other shorthand schools to be quite chaotic, albeit effective.

Vowels can be represented in four different ways. The most common form of representation for vowels is the symbolic representation, that is, that a vowel is shown similar to today's German unit shorthand by appropriate variation of the preceding or following consonants such as gain, compression, and high and low position. However, this is not always possible because the letterforms are derived Gabelsberger shorthand by the German cursive of the 19th century, which was written with a Schwellzugfeder, and therefore some consonants already have a base coat shade in the basic form. Thus, not compacted and compressed characters are not compressed further reinforced character. Furthermore, some characters can not be uploaded or subscript, therefore there is the possibility of direct representation for vowels, umlauts and diphthongs. If there is no possibility of confusion exists, umlauts and diphthongs can also be represented by sound related vowels (delegate ). In certain cases it is also allowed not to identify individual vowels.

The form of presentation of the individual characters, especially the the emblematic representation of the vowels was subject throughout the time of the development of Gabelsberger shorthand changes. The question whether symbolic description of a vowel, the vowel in the preceding or following consonants to be referred to, was controversial from the students fork Bergers long time. Gabelsberger even preferred in this issue, the representation in the preceding consonants, hereupon did not attach greater value and let vowels often completely gone. In the Munich decisions was determined that the vocal presentation had to be made in the following consonant. This was later replaced by a comprehensive Vokalisationslehre, which was developed by the shorthand teacher Karl Albrecht on the basis of the Munich decisions and was inducted into the Dresdner decisions with.

The representation of vowels in Gabelsberger shorthand had a decisive influence on the vocal presentation of the German unit shorthand. Some symbolic forms of representation but are used only with reductions in the initial sound in shorthand. By default, the Vokalisationsschema is applied after Carl Faulmann in the German unit shorthand; the assignment of the vowels on the presentation forms but adapted to the set in the Gabelsberger shorthand basics.

Contraction

Like most systems of shorthand has also Gabelsberger shorthand already in the basic level of traffic heading for commonly used words and syllables Fact Sheets, also known as the abbreviation or initials. Some of these shortcuts were taken in the German unit shorthand.

Word cuts

Unlike other shorthand systems in Gabelsberger shorthand already in the basic word cuts, such as the omission of diffraction and increase syllables or loud - word compounds or the top of attaching certain prefixes applied. Thus, the basic level of Gabelsberger shorthand is probably more comparable to the " Eilschrift " of German Unity shorthand.

Speech writing

To accomplish this, note speeches, Gabelsberger shorthand also has a speech writing. The funds used for this purpose the form of reduction, stem or sound reduction and joint reduction are comparable to the reduction rules of other systems of shorthand. A further subdivision of the speech writing, as it is around since 1968 in the German unit shorthand with a subdivision of shorthand in Eilschrift speech and writing practice does not take place.