Gemara

Gemara ( Aramaic of גמרא, gamar, learn, study ) referred to in rabbinic tradition of Judaism, the second layer of the Talmud. It explains and supplements the material of the Mishnah, the oral tradition. Mishnah and Gemara together form the Talmud.

Word Meaning

The word Gemara ( Yiddish Gemore or Gemure ) comes from the Aramaic word meaning " end" ( of the learning material ). The auslautende "a" is the article in Aramaic (if it is the letter " Alef " and not " Hey "). Gemara is a masculine word and is treated in the Geonic time as such. Later, however, it was mistakenly interpreted as feminine due to the a- Auslautes, and so to use it today in all languages.

Formation

Once in the Mishnah, the Oral Torah was a time together once, but the process of commenting, discussing and reformulating the tradition continued. This process is effectively logged in the Gemara. It contains mostly in Aramaic, the statements made by rabbis, anecdotes, etc. to about the 5th century ( of Palestinian Talmud ) or 7th century ( Babylonian Talmud ).

Versions

There were two main strands of the tradition emerged which are in the form of Palestinian or eretz - jisra'elischen or Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmud. The Palestinian Gemara is written in a dialect westaramäischen. In outweigh their Tradentennamen from Eretz - Jisra'el. She comes to speedy results than its Babylonian counterpart and contains comparatively little Aggada. The Babylonian Gemara, however, is written in a dialect ostaramäischen, the discussions are long-winded. It also contains a wealth of stories, philosophical and scientific considerations, etc. While the eretz - jisra'elische Judaism here own literary genres has developed, for example, the Midrash, all incorporated into Babylon in the Gemara. Differences in baseline questions or reasoning courses can be partly attributed to the fact that the two traditions were already based on slightly differing versions of the Mishnah.

Scope

The Palestinian Gemara (p ) comprises the commentary on the first four orders of the Mishnah Avot with the exception of tracts and Edujot, the last four chapters of Shabbat and the last chapter of Makkot. The fifth order ( Qodashim ) is not commented. From Toharot are three chapters on the tractate Nidda.

The Babylonian Gemara ( b ) is not expressed to first order with the exception of the tractate Berakhot. From the second order of the treatise Scheqalim missing, but has been replaced in manuscripts and printed by the text of the Jerusalem Talmud. In the fourth order Edujot and Avot, in the fifth Middot (Measurements ), Qinnim ( bird nests ) and part of Tamid missing ( resistant / day). From the sixth order only Nidda has commented.