Germanic strong verb
The strong verbs form their own group in all Germanic languages , which differs from the weak verbs by their diffraction. A strong verb is characterized primarily by an ablaut, that is, change of the stem vowel between present, past and past participle, from. The term strong verb was introduced by the German linguist Jacob Grimm about 1819 in linguistics.
Strong verbs are in the German language is often equated with irregular verbs, while it is debatable whether these are irregular, as was the system of strong verbs - like the weak - originally completely regular, but the number of exceptions and the cleavage of the seven classes into sub-groups means that we look for simplicity in language teaching all strong verbs as irregular.
Criteria
The primary criterion of a strong improvement is the ablaut, ie the change of the stem vowel. The ablaut is an old phenomenon that already for the Indo-European proto-language, descended from, inter alia, the Germanic languages can be accepted. However, the ablaut has developed only in the Germanic languages to a system with which the past can be expressed regularly. Originally there were six so-called Ablautreihen, which depended on the consonants in each of the following vowel. In NHG some verbs still follow these six Ablautreihen; comes to a seventh series that is not based on a historical ablaut, but contains, inter alia, formerly reduplicating verbs. An overview of the Ablautreihen with German verb forms:
These seven Ablautreihen however, have been frayed so thoroughly in the history of the German language that today there are according to Duden grammar 173 verbs in 39 Ablautreihen in German, which often contain only one verb, so that the Ablautsystem is not more regularly than perceived. Therefore ablautende or strong verbs are learned in school today as irregular verbs. The same applies to the other Germanic languages. A comparison of the verb drink in the Germanic standard languages :
Style
In addition, German strong verbs of weak verbs differ as follows:
- They have i- umlaut in the present indicative of the 2nd and 3rd person singular: I go - you go - he goes - we go - you ride - drive them.
This criterion applies only to verbs with dark stem vowel (mainly a / ä, au / AEU in run and drink and o / ö in encounter ) - on the other hand without umlaut: come, knock, call, and so-called semi- strong verbs such as grind and add salt. Another special case is suck, which is also not the other way is because these forms then with those coincided from suckle.
- Strong verbs with stem vowel e ( ä ) show up there stem vowel i ( ie): I give - you give - it is - we give - you give - give them.
This vowel change takes place, unlike the umlaut, also in the imperative singular instead of: give! vs.. give! However, there are exceptions from this strain change ( eg scissors and go completely irregular verbs and stand ).
- The past participle is, as with weak verbs formed with the prefix ge -, but not with the suffix -t ( eg loved), but with the suffix -en (eg driven ).
Strong verbs in German
Strong verbs are in German - as in some other languages - characterized by change of the stem vowel ( ablaut ), such as in sing - sang - sung or meet - met - met the vocal changes follow historically explainable patterns and are by no means arbitrary.
Since the strong verbs originally followed a clear pattern, the seven strong verb classes in NHG still have so much homogeneity, that in very many cases, the inflections can predict with some experience of the language. Encounter a a verb with the shape K1eiK2en ( stay around or ride ), so you can not tell whether it is strong or weak bent though, we do know that it is strong, it can be seen from the stem vowel class 1 and can open that the past tense K1ieK2 ( remained ) must be provided that the K2 consonant is voiced or K1iK2K2 ( rode ) when K2 is unvoiced. Exceptions are suffering the verbs and cut where the d behaves like a t.
In colloquial language it is possible that from weak verbs strong Partizipformen be formed, for example, in southern parlance, the forms gewunschen (rather than desired) or switched (rather than on) or in the Styrian dialect geschnien (instead of snowing ) spread. Also colloquially as some regular conjugations apply in the present tense, hold, such as in the verbs / load the forms he think / invite instead he holds / invites.