Gerund

The gerund (not to be confused with the gerunds ) is in Latin, in English (English gerund ) and in many Romance languages ​​( gérondif French, Italian and Spanish for gerundio, GERUNDIO portug. ) used to nominalize a verb ( subs = gerund infinitive substantivierter = verbal noun ). A synonym for nominalization is " nominalization ".

In the Turkic ( and assuming also in other sub-disciplines of so-called Altaistik ) and in the Lituanistik the term gerund is used for a number of konverbial used Verbaladverbien.

In Latin

Education

The gerund is formed as a verbal noun from the present stem, the mark - nd and the endings of the singular of the o -declension. There is no nominative and no pure (ie, without a preposition standing ) accusative of the gerund. Instead, the infinitive is present active.

The following table shows the Gerundiumsformen or the replacing infinitive of the verb laudare ( praise ):

The accusative of the gerund (ie in the example laudandum ) is available only after prepositions: After ad, in, rarely by inter and ob Only if you are interested inter can also be the infinitive, eg inter Interests dare et accipere = There is a difference between giving and receiving.

Functions and semantics

The gerund called in contrast to verbaladjektivischen gerunds only the action of the verb, the doing, without a need (such as the gerunds in laudandus vir = man, one has to praise ) express.

1st supplement in the genitive ( genitive attribute):

• Facultas evadendi - the possibility of escape to escape /

2 adverbial

• In the genitive with causa / gratia: evadendi causa - to escape / escape because of the

Semantics: final

• In the accusative: ad agendum - / to act to act to

Semantics: final

• In the ablative: Bellando diripiendoque - by waging war and by the looting;

Semantics instrumental / modal

• With in ( Abl. ): in conficiendo - in / during the execution

Semantics: the temporal

Due to the adverbial nature of the gerund can also be expressed with a subordinate clause.

Extension

The gerund can by an object (a ), or be supplemented by an adverbial clause (b ):

• To a): Pompeium Laudando - by the praise of Pompey / by praising Pompey

• To b ): diu ridendo - by a long laugh

In English

In English, the gerund ( gerund ) by adding the suffix - ing to the stem ( infinitive ) is formed, for example, reading is fun - Reading is fun, reading what the rewarding - reading was worthwhile. Although the gerund at first glance resembles the progressive form ( " I am reading" ), but syntax and meaning are quite different, just the substantivized the infinitive.

Examples:

• Climbing is dangerous. Climbing is dangerous.
• Swimming is easy. Swimming is easy.
• Climbing is good. Climbing is good.
• I stopped smoking. I've stopped smoking.

In addition, the gerund can basically stand after each preposition and thus has the syntactic function of a prepositional object:

• We Should focus on making a new plan.
• This product is good for cleaning windows.

It should be noted that there are five types of the gerund:

Examples of the function of the subject:

• 4: Being accepted by my colleagues is so important to me to survive in this job.
• 5: Having been accepted by my colleagues quietly fills me with pride. (Now I am retired. )

To function as a ( prepositional ) object:

• He is proud of being accepted and respected by his colleagues. (4)
• He is proud of having been accepted and respected by his colleagues. (Now he is retired ) (5)

After a series of verbs, for example, admit, advise, anticipate, avoid, Consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, give up, go on, imagine, keep, miss, postpone, practice, recall, recommend, regret, resist, resume, risk, stop, suggest, tolerate, try and understand is the gerund as an object.

In the following, a rule should be established that in deciding whether a gerund or an infinitive to a verb follows, should be helpful to the readers:

Gerund: " I miss going to the pub" / "I like eating ice cream" → factual meaning: this is a fact

Infinitive: " Do not forget to have a look at your exam preparation " / "You are well advised not to do this " → modal meaning: Here no hard truths are articulated, but it is - semantically speaking - a way of knowing how needing or what ought to be articulated.

This dichotomy factual - gerund versus modal - infinitive is in Ungerer, A Grammar of Present -Day English, Klett Verlag, worked out.

In the Romance languages

Also in the Romance languages, there are verbs that are used as a noun.

The French gérondif formally corresponds to the present participle active, the word s is prefixed. Example: Il chante en travaillant - He sings while working.

In Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, there are in addition to the present participle also actual Gerundialformen. They are by appending - ando or - iendo in Spanish ( → cantar cantando, partir → partiendo ), by - ando or -endo in Italian ( cantare → cantando, partire → partendo ), as well as by - ando, -endo or. indo - in Portuguese ( cantar → cantando, vender → vendendo, partir → Partindo ) formed. Among the main features of this form in the relevant languages ​​include the formation of the tenses that refer to the immediacy of an action (eg sto cantando it. > I sing just <, estaba cantando sp. > I was singing < ) and use the abbreviation of subordinate clauses ( eg Volendo conditional, avrebbe potuto it. > if they had wanted to, she could have, " Time clauses Caminhando pela rua a vi pt > when I went on the road, I saw her < ). Especially in the Brazilian Portuguese can GERUNDIO also experience Diminuierung: chorandinho disse adeus > a bit of crying, she said good-bye. "

In Turkish

In Turkish, the following Verbaladverbien ( ULAC ) are also known as gerunds:

Sample sentences:

• " Neredesin? " diye bağırdı - He / She / It screamed: " Where are you? "
• Aglaya Aglaya çocuk eve geldi - The child is constantly came home crying.
• Çocuk bağırarak geldi - The child was screaming.
• DERs bitince kahve içeceğim - When class is over, I will drink coffee.
• Fertilizer Akşam bir şey yemeden yattım - Last night I lay me, without having eaten anything.
• Eve gidip DUS yapacağım - I 'm going to go take a shower and go home.
• Ülkü geleli bir saat oldu - It's an hour ago that Ülkü has come.
• Yemekteyken konuşma - Do not talk while you eat.

In Lithuanian

In Lithuanian four Verbaladverbien are called gerund ( padalyvis ):

The gerunds of the present and the past are unique, similar to the Latin gerunds, often used for accompanying adverbial phrases (so-called adverbial gerunds ):

• Auštant išėjau. "When day dawned, I went away. " ( Simultaneity )
• You išėjus Auso. "After I had gone away, it was held. " ( Prematurity )

In this case, the subject of the accompanying sentence is never identical with the subject of the main clause, otherwise participles or Adverbialpartizip are needed. The logical subject in the gerund construction is in the dative case.

In addition, all gerunds can be used as an attributive gerunds. You can then often translate to the infinitive, participle or a subjunctive I into German:

• Moteris pamatė Vyra ateinant. " The woman looked at her / a man approaching. " ( Other translation: " The woman saw that a man was approaching. " → simultaneity )
• Wheel visus sumigus. "I found them all asleep. " ( " I found that all were asleep. " → prematurity )
• Girdėjau Ji priilsdavus tenai. "I heard that he had maintained there to rest. " ( Prematurity, repeated action )
• Sako ir tavo bernelį netrukus atjosiant. "He said, even your fellow would soon induce ridden. " ( Future)

In Russian

Knows the Russian language, considered morphologically, no gerund in the proper sense. However, the Adverbialpartizipien adopt similar functions true ( and also in some grammars called a gerund ). In particular, they serve the paraverbal formation of adverbials, as is the case also in the English or the Romance languages ​​:

• Она написала письмо, поя песню. > She wrote a letter and sang a song (literally singing a song ) <
• Scrisse una lettera, cantando una canzone. (It. )
• Singing a song, she wrote a letter. ( Eng.)