Gilbert Foliot

Gilbert Foliot ( * ca 1110, † February 18, 1187 ) was a medieval English monk and later Abbot of Gloucester, Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London.

Life

Foliot was probably the son of Robert Foliot and his wife Agnes. Robert Foliot was Steward ( administrator and deputy) of David, Earl of Huntingdon and pretender to the Scottish throne. Agnes Foliot was a sister of Robert de Chesney, Bishop of Lincoln. In any case, Gilbert Foliot was a nephew of Robert de Chesney.

Foliot was with about 20 years a monk at the Abbey of Cluny. After two places as Prior of the Order of Cluny, he was appointed abbot of the Abbey of Gloucester 1139, sponsored by Miles of Gloucester. During his tenure, he acquired additional land for the abbey. He was a friend of Aelred of Rievaulx, a later Abbot and saint who later a collection of sermons dedicated to him. Another friend and ally was Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury, who fought like Stephen's reign, to unite the Church in England under his leadership. Foliot helped Theobald when he produced contacts with Matilda's side.

Hereford

Foliot accompanied Theobald of Bec in 1148 to the Council of Reims. While he was staying there, he was called by Pope Eugene III. appointed Bishop of Hereford, in place of Robert de Bethune, who died at the council. Theobald stood behind Foliots appointment and had proposed to the Pope. He dedicated Foliot on September 5, 1148 Reims bishop. While Foliot previously rather the claims of Empress Matilda supported, he recognized as Bishop Stephen as king of England. Foliot often acted as a royal judge and introduced in 1153 to assist him in legal matters a Clerk, a, who specialized in Roman Law. 1154 was Henry of Anjou, the son of Empress Matilda, King of England, Henry II When Theobald died in 1160, it was expected that Foliot would its successor, but Henry appointed instead his Lord Chancellor Thomas Becket. The king asked shortly after the Pope 's permission to make Foliot to his confessor, possibly as compensation or as a counterweight to Becket's growing influence.

The art historian Hans J. Böker believed that under Foliot the construction of the chapel began in 1737 destroyed the episcopal whose style resembled German Emperor chapels. However, most sources attribute the building of the former Bishop Robert of Hereford.

London

The king nominated Foliot as Bishop of London on the grounds to the Pope that he had him as a confessor in more detail there. Foliot was in 1163 Bishop of London. During the confrontation between the king and Becket Foliot supported the king. In January 1164 the king a council in Clarendon Palace, in which the bishops should agree to the Constitutions of Clarendon, to enforce the secular jurisdiction also in the spiritual realm and should limit the influence of the Pope to the Church in England called. Becket refused to consent, which led to a confrontation with the King, in the Foliot and had to take a stand the other bishops. Foliot was to convey asked, but answered: Becket " what a fool always and always will be" ( was a fool and will always remain ). Becket was the end of 1164 into exile in Flanders. In his absence, Foliot sent the annual Peter's Pence to the Pope. The king confiscated the lands of the archbishop and placed it under Foliot, but Becket made ​​Foliot and Roger, Archbishop of York, responsible for the confiscation. In early summer Foliot wrote Pope Alexander III. , That the Archbishop could return at any time, but would have to face the allegations and asked for patience and a willingness to negotiate. 1166 saw the king Foliot de facto as head of the English church.

On June 10, 1166 Becket excommunicated his opponents, some by name. Henry thereupon called on the bishops to appeal to the Pope. After a council, the Foliot on June 24, organized in London and had initiated, he wrote both to the Pope and to the Archbishop. Becket answered with reproaches. Foliot wrote a letter, which is known as Multiplicem nobis in which he called for compromise and the Archbishop advised to achieve its goals through humility. End of 1166 ended Foliot managing Canterbury. However, Becket excommunicated on April 13, 1169 without warning him and some royal civil servant, said he Foliot as "that wolf in sheep 's clothing": designated ( German "of that wolf in sheep's clothing" ). Foliot prepared to personally file an objection with the Pope. Negotiations between the king and the archbishop were unsuccessful. On the way to Rome Foliot was in Milan the news that he could get by the Archbishop of Rouen absolution, this happened on April 5, on May 1, he was employed as a bishop again. Foliots appeal to the Pope became the model for similar cases in the 12th century.

Foliot was a prolific letter writer. Part of his correspondence was collected after his death. He also wrote sermons and Bible commentaries, two of which have survived. He went blind in the 1180s years, but nevertheless continued his biblical writings. He died on 18 February 1187th

The medieval chronicler Walter Map wrote:

" Vir trium peritissimus linguarum Latine, Gallice, Anglice, et lucidissime disertus in singulis "

" A man who was well versed in the three languages ​​Latin, French and English, and eloquent and clear in everyone. "

Bibliography

  • Barrow, JS: Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: volume 8: Hereford: Bishops (English). Institute of Historical Research, 2002.
  • Bartlett, Robert C.: England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075-1225 (English). Clarendon Press, Oxford UK 2000, ISBN 0-19-822741-8.
  • Crouch, David: The Reign of King Stephen: 1135-1154 (English). Longman, New York 2000, ISBN 0-582-22657-0.
  • Handbook of British Chronology (English), Third revised, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1996, ISBN 0 - 521-56350 -X.
  • Greenway, Diana E.: Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: Volume 3: Lincoln: Bishops (English). Institute of Historical Research, 1977.
  • Knowles, Dom David: The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket (English). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1951.
  • Knowles, David, The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940-1216 (English), Second, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 2001, ISBN 0-521-80452-3.
  • Knowles, David, The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216 (English), Reprint of Second, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1976, ISBN 0 -521-05479-6.
  • Matthew, Donald: King Stephen (English). Hambledon & London, London 2002, ISBN 1-85285-514-2.
  • Poole, Austin Lane: From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216 (English), Second, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK 1955, ISBN 0-19-821707-2.
  • Warren, W. L.: Henry II ( English). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA 1973, ISBN 0-520-03494-5.
  • Wiper man, Hein Fried: Toman, Rolf (ed.): Romanesque Architecture in Great Britain (English). Könemann, Cologne, GER 2007, ISBN 3-8331-3600-6, pp. 216-255.

Journal

  • Böker, Hans J.: The Bishop's Chapel of Hereford Cathedral and the Question of Architectural Copies in the Middle Ages. In: Gesta. 37, No. 1, 1998, pp. 44-54. doi: 10.2307/767211.
  • Helmholz, Richard H.: Excommunication in Twelfth Century England. In: Journal of Law and Religion. 11, No. 1, 1994-1995, pp. 235-253. doi: 10.2307/1051632.
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