Global commons

Global public goods (English Global Public Goods, in short global public goods, and Global Commons ) are public goods that are not confined to national borders, but are valid worldwide.

The global consumption of ( pure ) public goods has the following two characteristics:

• Non - excludability that no one can be excluded from the consumption of the global public good.
• Non - rivalry: the global public good can be consumed at the same time by different individuals, there is no rivalry with respect to the global public goods.

In fact, the term is, however, often used in a wider sense, ie that actually rivalry in use, as with a common pool or even some are excluded from consumption, but in a normative sense, free and sustainable access for all is wanted. For example, the global water resources are referred to as a public good often. It is often spoken of clarification especially in natural resources of a global commons (Global Commons ) or global common pool (Common Goods).

A public good is generally regarded then as a global once it hits several populations and the effect of global, national public goods differ from each other. Thus, both the benefits and the external effects of global public goods are global and therefore not restricted to individual states.

Examples:

• Global public goods: clean and healthy environment, climate stability, stable financial markets, peace, security, justice, health, control of infectious diseases, cultural heritage.
• National public goods: national defense, dams, lighthouses.

Concept of global public goods

The concept of global public goods have been prepared by the UNDP, and the discussion is largely led by the UNDP Director for Development Studies Inge Kaul. The concept represents a frame of reference for the debate on global environmental and development policy

It calls for greater international cooperation to achieve global public goods, which were widely national public goods from the effects of globalization, continue to be strengthened and provided and used. As a result, the UNDP hoped for better enforcement of public interests. Since global public goods are used globally, almost all benefit from better provision of global public goods. In addition, there is a relationship between global public goods and positive market developments.

Global public goods are now out of development funds of ODA funded (about 30 % of ODA is spent on the financing of global public goods ), it is obtained for the UNDP requirement, the financing of global public goods, like most areas also adapt, globalization, thus calls for the UNDP, an additional financing of global public goods by all States, as well as most everyone benefits. For the UNDP proposes an establishment of a budget for international cooperation, ie solving the global public goods financing of ODA funds, so that the public interests should be better enforced.

As before, governments are among themselves as to the exact definition and financing of global public goods both disagree and unclear. This results in a momentary skepticism of many countries to the concept, especially the USA, the discussion about the concept at the UN Conference on Financing for Development in 2002 brought to failure. Since global public goods affect all states and thus all states claim a say, it is generally regarded as difficult to find a consensus in this regard. The UNDP calls for a political rethinking away from national public goods and to global public goods, so that in this region constructive debates arise.

A key requirement of the UNDP is a greater provision of ODA, as are the OECD countries at least its promise of 0.7 % ODA measured in GNI meet. Of these, the UNDP promises more prevention because the ODA funds flow to developing countries, which are mostly political unrest, and the local problems with degeneracies could get a global scale, what then would be to the detriment of all. An example would be that one should invest in the social and economic development of a country prefer and thus preventing problems rather than later to bear the consequences of civil war and terror, what negative global impact, so therefore usually also affects all negative and mostly costly than the prevention.

A larger ODA volume also causes no longer as before only the most important for powerful industrial nations, global public goods are financed by the scarce ODA budget.

The concept demands that polluters pay for the damage that they have regarding global public goods ( eg environmental damage ) done. Should not to agree to the polluters, so it considers the UNDP as thoughtfully when a global public good in everyone's interest that then all States should pay according to individual ability for the injury settlement.

The UNDP tries to make her popular concept by pointing out that all are involved in global public goods, all benefit from it and that's why everyone should contribute to the financing of global public goods. The acceptance is also to be encouraged by the citizens declare politicians in their regions globalization to understand and thus make tangible.