Glucagon-like-peptide 1

The protein glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP -1 ) is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in glucose metabolism in the context of the incretin effect - on glucose supply from the gut of the insulin response of β - cells in the pancreas - plays.

First described in 1979 by the Working Group to Werner Creutzfeldt at the University of Göttingen, the GLP- 1.

Education

GLP-1 is produced as a gut hormone of the neuroendocrine L- cells of the intestine and released from ingestion into the bloodstream. It is degraded within minutes by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP 4) and therefore must be constantly produces new.

In humans, the active hormone from the amino acids 7-36 of Präglucagon protein.

Effects

  • It stimulates the production of insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas.
  • It reduces the production of glucagon in the alpha cells of the pancreas. Glucagon itself is free glucose (grape sugar) from the liver.
  • Delaying emptying of stomach contents into the intestine.
  • It stimulates satiety.

By the first two effects to high glucose levels in the blood can be prevented, throttled by the other two effects, the food intake.

GLP-1 and insulin secretion

GLP-1 is released under the influence of glucose from the intestinal cells ( enterocytes ). GLP- 1 is activated in the islet cells ( β - cells of the pancreas ) Gs -coupled receptors. Characterized the enzyme adenylate cyclase is activated. This makes cAMP from ATP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A. This enzyme then closes potassium channels. Potassium ions are no longer flow out from the cell. This leads to depolarization of the cell membrane. This voltage-dependent calcium channels are opened. Calcium ions flow into the cell and cause the mobilization of insulin -storing vesicles. The vesicles migrate to the cell membrane and fuse with it, whereby the content ( insulin) is released.

Diabetes treatment with GLP-1

In the analysis of substances from the saliva of the Gila monster hormone exendin -4 was isolated, the GLP -1 is similar and how it binds to the receptors of the pancreas, but is not degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase 4. The U.S. pharmaceutical company Amylin developed genetically exendin -4 and brought it under the name of exenatide in 2005 as a drug for subcutaneous injection for type II diabetics in the trade. As a result, more Inkretinmimetika were developed and approved as a drug.

An alternative are the inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, which inhibit the degradation of GLP -1 and as an oral medication in the trade.

Swell

  • Peptide hormone
  • Diabetology
Protein isoform Human Genome Organisation Adenosine triphosphate Proteinkinase A Active ingredient Digital Object Identifier PubMed Central
269481
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