Goniatite
Goniatites sp. from the Devonian
- America
- Europe
- Africa
- Australasia
The goniatites ( Goniatitida, from Greek γωνία = angle, corner) are an extinct order of jungpaläozoischen Ammonites ( Ammonoidea ). Set in the period of their occurrence between Devon and the end Permian the majority of the Ammonoidea.
Goniatites provide a number of important index fossils, especially in the Devonian and Carboniferous. Before the development of micropaleontological methods they were in many areas especially in marine limestone sequences part parastratigraphischer subdivisions.
Features
Goniatites have as a mostly ammonites in a plane spiral wrapped, chambered body, which is composed of three layers. The types of housing vary considerably, from spherical to thin disk-shaped housings. The outer coils each comprising inner. Depending on the degree of envelopment, the turns are involute - the internal coils are more or less by the outer covers - or evolute ( the outer turns cover the inner hard ).
In addition to the housing form is the approach of septa on the outer housing - the Lobenlinie or suture - the most important determining feature. In contrast to many pleated in itself Lobenlinie the Ammonites of the goniatites is slightly curved and has only gentle bends or bows on. The Lobenlinie is characterized in almost all types by a adventitious lobe. Praise The formula is EALI. Almost all the praise can be further subdivided. A U- lobe may activate between L and I- lobe. In the early forms of the Praiseworthy are still broadly rounded in younger forms they are often tapered or finger-shaped. The Siphonalstrang is almost always at margins anteriorly, very rarely the Siphonalstrang also puts a bit off the edge.
The muscular apparatus differed in details from that of the Ammonites. This resulted in studies of muscle attachment points, which were obtained in pyritisierten goniatites. Evidence for a fixed jaw apparatus as ammonites have it are not known.
Way of life
Goniatites were as slow swimmers near-surface marine life because of their lifestyle. They settled epicontinental sea areas off the zones of strong water movement, such as the surf zone. Paleogeographic reconstructions according to their habitats are subtropical to be described as tropical. Little is known about the diet of the goniatites.
Occurrence
Goniatites are common in Devonian and Carboniferous limestone and mudstone. Areas with frequent Goniatitenfunden are for example:
System
The order is currently divided into two suborders, each with numerous superfamilies:
- Order Goniatitida Hyatt, 1884 Subordination Tornoceratina Wedeking, 1914 Superfamily Tornoceratoidea of Arthaber, 1911
- Superfamily Prionoceratoidea Hyatt, 1884
- Superfamily Pseudohaloritoidea Ruzhencev, 1957
- Superfamily Dimeroceratoidea Hyatt, 1884
- Superfamily Prolobitoidea Wedekind, 1913
- Superfamily Karagandoceratoidea Librovich, 1957
- Superfamily Praeglyphioceratoidea Ruzhencev, 1957
- Superfamily Pericycloidea Hyatt, 1900
- Superfamily Goniatitoidea de Haan, 1825
- Superfamily Neodimorphoceratoidea Furnish & Knapp, 1966
- About family Thalasso Cerato Idea Hyatt, 1900
- Superfamily Popanoceratoidea Hyatt, 1900
- Superfamily Neoicoceratoidea Hyatt, 1900
- Superfamily Marathonitoidea Ruzhencev, 1938
- Superfamily Cyclolobitoidea Zittel, 1895
- Superfamily gas Trio Cerato Idea Hyatt, 1884
- Superfamily Shumarditoidea Plummer & Scott, 1937
- Superfamily Adrianitoidea Schindewolf, 1931
- Superfamily Schistoceratoidea Schmidt, 1929
- Superfamily Gonioloboceratoidea Spath, 1934
- Superfamily Neoglyphioceratoidea Plummer & Scott, 1937
- Superfamily Dimorphoceratoidea Hyatt, 1884
- Superfamily Nomismoceratoidea Librovich, 1957