Gothic Revival architecture
The Neo-Gothic, Neo-Gothic or English also called Gothic Revival, is a back cross to the historicist Gothic art and architectural style of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival is one of the earliest stylistic subspecies of historicism, which drew on art and architectural style of the previous two millennia.
The focus of the dissemination of the Gothic Revival was a comprehensive construction and installation program that found its way into the literature and lifestyle. The design language of the Gothic Revival was based on an idealized Middle Ages picture. Its heyday was in the between 1830 and 1900. Among considers to build upon freedom and intellectual culture of medieval cities, was built in neo-Gothic style especially churches, parliaments, town halls and universities, as well as other public buildings such as post offices, schools and railway stations.
According to Erwin Panofsky, the Gothic Revival of a romantic longing was marked by a no longer zurückzuholenden past, whereas the Renaissance have and striving to wrest from the Old a new future.
Gothic Revival in Britain
The Gothic Revival began in the UK as early as 1720, as the design of new forms of medieval Gothic buildings were imitated. The ruling on the continent rococo style was interpreted as Rococo Gothic.
Typical of these are buildings such as the Villa at Strawberry Hill (conversion from 1749) of Horace Walpole. But was only in the 30s of the 19th century, from the UK, the relevant breakthrough recorded. At this time, for example, the Palace of Westminster (1840-1860) by Sir Charles Barry, assisted by Augustus Welby Pugin, another leading Neugotikers Britain, built. Another important representative of the Gothic Revival in Britain was the Scot James Gillespie Graham, who designed especially building in the Scottish gothic style, the Scottish variety of the Gothic Revival.
Gothic Revival in German-speaking
The Nauen Gate in Potsdam (1755 ), Frederick the Great had built on British excitation, was the first neo-Gothic building in Germany. With the support of Frederick the Great was the Gothic Revival a national focus, as you saw in an attachment to the medieval empire. In particular, in the former park buildings, the style prevailed, such as the Gothic House in Woerlitzer Park (1786 /87), or the Lion's Castle in the mountain park William height. It was built to a design by Heinrich Christoph Jussow in the period from 1793 until 1800, when imitation of a medieval English knight's castle.
For the Gothic reception in Germany was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1773 published essay " From German architecture " of particular importance. Goethe described the German architect Erwin von Steinbach as allegedly the sole builder of the Strasbourg Cathedral and a genius and awakened rapturous enthusiasm for the then still largely despised Gothic architecture, which was now seen as a German architecture and positive. That the Gothic architecture historically came from France, Goethe was not known. In the period following the French origin has been disputed for decades of nationalist supporters of an alleged "German" Gothic or even ignored.
The romance of the early 19th century in Germany led to a passion for medieval architecture, especially for the great Gothic cathedrals and castles. Important evidence for this are Friedrich Schlegel's essay Principles of Gothic architecture, or even the romantic landscapes of Caspar David Friedrich, Carl Gustav Carus, Julius von Leypold and the known mainly as an architect of Classicism Karl Friedrich Schinkel. As part of this new fashion could also old derelict buildings as Cologne Cathedral ( resumption of construction 1846) or the Ulmer Münster (completion of the west tower in 1890 ) according to the plans of the Middle Ages are completed. Other Gothic churches were purified, that is, free of any future changes subsequent epochs, completed and cleared of alleged errors. The accomplishments used the original blueprints, it is therefore from an art historical point of view still ( for the most part ) buildings of medieval Gothic.
The first brick building of the Gothic Revival in Northern Germany is a mausoleum at Hanover from 1842 for the general and statesman Carl von Alten. It was designed by the Hanoverian town planner Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves and finished bricked by Conrad Wilhelm Hase. The building in today's Nature Reserve Sundern disintegrated over time to ruin.
Existing ruins were like the English model, the rebuilt Castellated style, this reconstruction, however, had nothing to do with the historical figure of the castle. Typical examples of this are the Hohenzollern Castle in Hechingen, the pride rock castle in Koblenz and other buildings of the romantic Rhine. An unusually extensive renovation and expansion of older castle, palace and monastery complexes was carried out under the Coburg Duke Ernst I, with its neo-Gothic creations of Schloss Rosenau, Ehrenburg Castle, castle and castle Callnberg Reinhardsbrunn.
For new churches and secular buildings in the growing cities you like to hand back to the gothic architecture and composed with form elements from the rich heritage of existing buildings a new idealized architecture, the Gothic Revival. However, due to the large temporal distance lacked the deep understanding of the shapes and so forms of church architecture in neo-Gothic town halls find. Outstanding examples of neo-Gothic secular buildings are the town halls in Vienna, Munich and the Berlin district of Köpenick and the unique ensemble of the Speicherstadt in Hamburg.
For the interior, in particular altars and pulpits of the new churches and purifizierten you created elaborately carved works, inspired by the elements of the architecture, but were without precedent. These works were called pejorative later carpenter Gothic. The stained glass was also experiencing a revival, but the new plants are more realistic and naturalistic than the historical models. Many such items of equipment of the churches have been removed from 1960 and destroyed again in contempt for imitation styles.
The new style also caught the cemetery being. So true, for example as the first neo-gothic work of art on a Bavarian cemetery that of Friedrich von Gärtner created and unveiled on November 1, 1831 monument at the mass grave of Sendlinger Mordweihnacht on the Old South Cemetery in Munich.
During World War II neo-Gothic buildings were exposed to massive destruction especially in the German -speaking world. Almost all the major neo-Gothic cathedrals remained spared from collapse, even if the roof trusses burned out in many places. An exception is the Nikolai Church in Hamburg, whose ships were still following the devastating bomb attacks in "Operation Gomorrah " in the summer of 1943, whose ruins but was canceled in 1951 despite citizen protests. Only the tower stands 147 meters high still from the sea of houses ( the Gothic cathedral is only 14 meters higher ). It gives an idea of the size of the ruined church, which certainly can be considered as one of the largest and most magnificent which have been solely built in the Gothic Revival style (without cuts from the Middle Ages).
The enthusiasm for Gothic forms was in the strongly nationalistic dominated Germany after the Second Empire again, after more and more obvious was that the Gothic is not a typical German style, but historically comes from France. This typical German style was believed to have been found in the Romanesque period, after which the focus shifted to Romanesque forms and the Neo-Romanesque flourished. Towards the end of the 19th century there were in Nuremberg distinctive local specific expression of the Gothic Revival, the Nuremberg style, which tried to build on the high and late Gothic architectural tradition of the city. Among the last examples in Germany in 1906 dedicated to St. Paul's Church in Munich is one of Georg von Hauberrisser. The Martinus Church in Olpe ( consecrated 1909) is built in the Gothic Revival style.
The first skyscraper in North America
For many of the world's first real business skyscrapers which originated around 1910-1920 in cities like New York or Chicago, use was made of Gothic architectural forms, which at first seems surprising. But you can understand that they wanted to build on the splendor and magnificence of the giant cathedrals of Europe. Was this still intended to honor God with their size (or the Heavenly Jerusalem), they used basically now the same language to give an expressive, intimidating form to the ubiquitous power of business.
Is no coincidence that the Tribune Tower in Chicago strongly to the main tower of the Cathedral of Rouen. When Woolworth Building (completed in 1913 in New York City ) by Cass Gilbert, a cathedral, including its aisles is even basically been realized as a modern office building. Also in the Cathedral of Learning in Pittsburgh hear the reference to a cathedral after the name. The Woolworth Building and the Cathedral of Learning are the highest buildings in the Gothic Revival style.
This buildings is a lush Maßwerkverzierung up to spire in common, long, slender windows dominate the plastically articulated facade. If you have the medieval Late Gothic as well as the European Gothic Revival in view, the skyscraper style of its exuberant ornamentation seems rather kitsch and cluttered.
Gothic Revival in Asia
In Barangay Quiapo, Manila, is one of the few buildings in Asia which was built in the Gothic Revival style, the Basílica de San Sebastián. It was built entirely of steel on the design templates of Gustave Eiffel and is one of the few buildings in which companies from Belgium, Germany and the Philippines were involved. It was inaugurated on August 15, 1891.
Gothic Revival in New Zealand and Australia
Inspired by the neo-Gothic buildings in the UK originated in the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand a number of neo-Gothic buildings. Among the most famous architects who realized buildings in this style include Benjamin Mountford and Robert Lawson. In particular churches such as the First Church of Otago in Dunedin were built in Gothic Revival style. Even with a number of residential buildings at least elements of the Gothic Revival were incorporated. So recalls at the Villa Larnach Castle, built Robert Lawson for a New Zealand politician and businessman, the central part of a castle. Surrounded However, this part is of a two-story glassed-in porch, in which the carrier are made of cast iron.
The completed only in 2008 after 108 years of construction, St John's Cathedral in Brisbane is the last Gothic cathedral built in the world.
Architects - Selection
- Charles Barry (1795-1860), British architect
- Bockslaff Wilhelm (1854-1945), architect deutschbaltischer
- Henrik Bull (1864-1953), Norwegian architect
- Pierre Cuypers (1827-1921), Dutch architect
- Heinrich von Ferstel (1828-1883), Austrian architect
- Edward William Godwin (1833-1886), British architect
- Bertram Goodhue (1869-1924), American architect
- Güldenpfennig Arnold (1830-1908), German architect, Paderborn
- Conrad Wilhelm Hase (1818-1902), German architect, Hannover
- George of Hauberrisser (1841-1922), German - Austrian architect
- Carl Alexander Heideloff (1789-1865), German architect and conservationist
- Christian Heyden (1803-1869), German architect
- Rudolph Eberhard Hillebrand (1840-1924), German architect and building contractor, Hanover
- Christian Friedrich von Leins (1814-1892), German architect
- Benjamin Mountfort (1825-1898), British architect in New Zealand
- Simon Loschen (1818-1902), German architect ( Bremerhaven )
- Joseph Daniel Ohlmüller (1791-1839), German architect
- Edwin Oppler (1831-1880), German architect, Hannover
- Ludwig Persius (1803-1845), a Prussian architect, Berlin
- Caspar Clemens Pickel (1847-1939), German architect
- Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812-1852), English architect and architectural theorist
- Theodor Quentin (1851-1905), German church architect
- Thomas Rickman (1776-1841), British architect
- Wilhelm Rincklake (1851-1927), German architect and Benedictine monk, Münster / Khajuraho
- John Ruskin (1819-1900), British artist and social critic
- Jean -Baptiste Schacre (1808-1876), French architect
- Carl Shepherd (1844-1908), German architect
- Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841), a Prussian architect, Berlin
- Friedrich von Schmidt (1825-1891), German architect, Vienna
- Johann Baptist Schott (1853-1913), German architect
- Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811-1878), British architect, London
- Ferdinand Stadler (1813-1870), Swiss architect
- Eugène Viollet -le- Duc (1814-1879), French architect and restorer
- Friedrich Weinbrenner (1766-1826), German architect, Karlsruhe
- Ernst Friedrich Zwirner (1802-1861), architect of the Cathedral of Cologne