Grylloblattidae
Galloisiana nipponensis
The Grill cockroaches ( Notoptera or Grylloblattodea ) are an order of insects, and are among the winged insects ( pterygota ). In 1913 a representative of this order was discovered by the Canadian entomologists Edmund Murton Walker for the first time. The recent species now more than twenty described living in East Asia, Japan and North America and can be found there, especially in the mountains.
- 4.1 Notes and references
- 4.2 Literature
Features
As Walker in 1914 described the kind found in the previous year as Grylloblatta campodeiformis, he chose a generic name to refer to the morphological features that the animal on the one hand with the cockroaches ( Blattodea ), on the other hand, with the crickets ( Gryllidae ) has in common. The specific epithet refers to the existing in habit similar to the double -tail genus Campodea.
The extant species of cockroaches are wingless and grill 10 to 30 mm long. Your body is only weakly sclerotized, yellow to brown in color and covered with fine hair. The head with chewing mouthparts, but who have no occlusal surfaces, reminiscent of the the earwigs ( Dermaptera ). Behind the mandibles sit for one big reason element ( scape ) and a 29 - to 40 - membered Scourge ( flagellum ) existing sensors. The less-developed compound eyes are made up of up to 60 individual eyes ( ommatidia ) together, but can also be completely absent. Simple eyes ( ocelli ) are not available. The ten-membered abdomen ends in a pair of long, five -to nine- membered abdomen threads, the Cerci. A striking feature is the eversible glandular sac of the males on the underside of the first abdominal segment.
Way of life
The animals live on the ground under stones and in moss, but also to the glacier margins. They eat some plants, some of the other small animals and are extremely cold- loving - extremo phil. Your maximum activity they show at temperatures just above 0 ° C. Temperatures above 16 ° C can not be tolerated, but rather a slow drop in temperature to -6 ° C. Because of this preference for cold scraping the grill in the English language and "ice crawlers " ( " Eiskriecher " ) are mentioned. The cold is also the reason for the very long development cycle of the animals. After mating in which the male is often eaten by the female ( cannibalism), it takes about a year to lay their eggs. After another year slip out of the big black eggs, the larvae. This molt in the next five years eight times, with the first three molts take place in the first year. The adult animals then live for about one to two years.
System
When the grill scraping is neither the scientific name yet on the status as an order unity. Depending on the author, they are described as Notoptera or as Grylloblattodea. Some authors assume that it is called at the grill scraping, then as Grylloblattodea to is a sister group of the Gladiator terror ( Mantophasmatodea ). In this case, both are considered as subordination and summarized to order Notoptera. Depending on whether it is considered the status of the grill scraping of an order or suborder, three sub-orders or partial orders can be distinguished. In addition, genera and three families without assignment and about a dozen exist without systematic classification (as of early 2009 ). By far the most representative are extinct and are only in the form of fossils before.
Internal classification of cockroaches Grill
- Subordination Grylloblattina Archiprobnidae †
- Bajanzhargalanidae †
- Blattogryllidae †
- Geinitziidae †
- Gorochoviidae †
- Grylloblattidae Walker 1914
- Havlatiidae † Kukalova 1964
- Ideliidae †
- Idelinellidae †
- Kortshakoliidae †
- Liomopteridae † Sellards 1909
- Madygenophlebiidae †
- Megakhosaridae †
- Mesorthopteridae †
- Neleidae †
- Permotermopsidae †
- Protoblattinidae † Meunier 1909
- Skaliciidae † Kukalova 1964
- Stegopteridae †
- Tomiidae †
- Tunguskapteridae †
- Atactophlebiidae †
- Daldubidae †
- Euryptilonidae †
- Lemmatophoridae † Sellards 1909
- Pinideliidae † Storozhenko 1997
- Aliculidae †
- Camptoneuritidae †
- Chelopteridae † Carpenter 1950
- Demopteridae † Carpenter 1950
- Euremiscidae †
- Jabloniidae † Kukalova 1964
- Mesojabloniidae † Storozhenko 1992
- Oecanthoperlidae †
- Permembiidae †
- Probnidae † Sellards 1909
- Protembiidae †
- Protoperlidae †
- Raaschiidae † Beckemeyer 2004
- Sheimiidae †
- Sojanoraphidiidae †
- Sylvabestiidae †
- Sylvaphlebiidae †
- Sylvardembiidae †
- Tillyardembiidae †
- Tshekardominidae †
- Visheriferidae †
Families without assignment:
- Epideigmatidae † Handl Deer 1911
- Juraperlidae † Huang, D.Y. & Nel 2007
- Plesioblattogryllidae † Huang, DY, Nel & Petrulevicius 2008
Classes without an assignment:
- Aibolitus †
- Gurianovella
- Lodevopterum † Bethoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2005
- Sigmophlebia † Bethoux & Beckemeyer, 2007
- Sylvaclinicus † Aristov, 2004
- Sylvamicropteron Aristov, 2004
- Sylvanonympha
- Termoides
- Tshekardites † Aristov, 2004
- Uralotermes † Zalessky, 1937