Hamamelidaceae

Flowers of Loropetalum chinense.

The witch hazel plants ( Hamamelidaceae ), also called Hamamelisgewächse, are a family of plants that belongs to the order of the saxifrage -like ( Saxifragales ). The family comes in all regions of the world from the temperate regions to the tropics before, their main distribution are the subtropics. Some species are ornamental in parks and gardens or deliver good wood; of a few species is known medical use.

• 3.1 ornamentals
• 3.2 Medicinal Plants
• 3.3 wood

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Habitus and sheets

There are woody plants: shrubs and trees. Some species are evergreen, but most are deciduous. At plant parts Star hair are usually ( trichomes ) are present. There are usually bud scales available.

The usually alternate and distichous or spirally rare, often against constantly arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple, fiedernervige leaf blade has a smooth or serrated edge. In some species the leaves smell. The stomata are paracytisch. Stipules are present; they are in making kinds relatively large.

Inflorescences and flowers

Many flowers are borne in dense, aged men, paniculate, racemose or capitate inflorescences. There are cover sheets available. The flowers are hermaphrodite or unisexual; the plants are always monoecious ( monoecious ). The usually relatively small, radial symmetry flowers are usually four to fünfzählig ( two to siebenzählig ). The four to five sepals are fused. When petals are present then there are two, four, or five, they are free, sometimes they are nailed. There are three, four or five, ten or 14 or 15 to 32 free stamens present; they are either all fertile or part is converted to staminodes. The two-celled pollen grains have three or four to 15 Aperturaten and are COLPAT, colporat or rugat. There are usually two rarely three top - up under constant carpels present; they are free ( apokarp ) to grow together ( synkarp ). Each carpel usually has one to six, rarely up to 15 hanging ovules. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ) or wind ( anemophily ).

Fruit and seeds

At the bivalve, lokulizidalen and septizidalen capsule fruits, the sepals are often still preserved. The very large seeds have a thick, hard, two-color, shiny seed coat and a large hilum. The seeds can be winged. The seeds are thrown in some species also. In the seed oil-containing endosperm and a straight, well-developed embryo is included.

Ingredients and sets of chromosomes

There are accumulated polyphenols, such as tannins as gallotannins. Early ski Exkretgängen contain balms. The chromosome sets amount to n = 8 and n = 12

Systematics and distribution

The present disjunct distribution of the family and individual genera is only a remnant of the former widespread. Today, species thrive from the moderates latitudes to the tropics with emphasis in the subtropics to the northern and southern hemispheres ( five genera ). Types are there from eastern North America, via Mexico to southern Central America, Asia, Africa, Madagascar, on the Pacific Islands and Australia. Fossil finds allow the age of the Hamamelidaceae to 84 to 86 years Millionen estimate ( Zhou et al. 2001). While many fossils have been found in Europe, no way is of course located there today.

Within the order of Saxifragales form families with woody species: Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae and Paeoniaceae a clade.

The first publication of the surname, 1818 by Robert Brown in Narrative of a Journey in the Interior of China, p 374 The type genus is Hamamelis L.. Synonyms for Hamamelidaceae R.Br. are: Disanthaceae Nakai, Exbucklandiaceae Reveal & Doweld, Fothergillaceae Nutt, Parrotiaceae Horan, Rhodoleiaceae Nakai. ..

The witch hazel plants ( Hamamelidaceae ) family is divided into three subfamilies, with about 27-28 genera with about 80 species:

• Disanthoideae Harms ( Syn: Disanthaceae Nakai ): The chromosome sets amount to n = 8 With the single monotypic genus: Disanthus Maxim. With the only kind: Double flower ( Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim. ): With two types: one in China and one in Japan.

• Chunia H.T.Chang, with only one type: Chunia bucklandioides HTChang: This endemic species grows only in rain forests in moist valleys at altitudes between 300 and 600 meters in the southern Hainan.

• Mytilaria laosensis Lecomte: It is native to China, Laos and northern Vietnam.

• Hamamelidoideae Burnett: The chromosome rates are n = 12 It is divided into four tribes with 23 genera and about 78 species: Tribus Corylopsideae, with only one genus: Note hazel ( Corylopsis ) sieve. & Zucc. With 29-30 species in China ( 20 species ), India, Japan and Korea.

• Eustigma Gardner & Champ. With three species in China (all three species), and Vietnam.
• Fortunearia Rehder & EHWilson: Is a monotypic genus with the only kind: Fortunearia sinensis Rehder & EHWilson: It grows in forests at elevations between 800 and 1000 meters in the eastern China: Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang.

• Sinowilsonia henryi Hemsl. With two varieties in forests at elevations between 800 and 1500 meters in western China: Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.

• Distyliopsis PKEndress: With about six species in China ( five species), Laos, Malaysia and New Guinea.
• Distylium sieve. & Zucc. With about 18 species in China ( 12 species), in Assam, Indonesia (Java and Sumatra ), Japan ( Ryukyu Islands only ), Korea and Malaysia, including: Distylium myricoides Hemsl.
• Isubaum ( Distylium racemosum Siebold & Zucc. ), Origin: China, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Korea

• Parrotia persica ( DC.) CAMey. It is endemic of the Alborz mountain range in southwestern Asia.
• Parrotia subaequalis ( HTChang ) RMHao & HTWei ( Syn: Shaniodendron subaequale ( HTChang ) MBDeng, HTWei & XQWang ): The home is China. This endangered species grows only in mountain forests at altitudes 600 and 700 meters in Anhui ( Jinzhai Xian, Xian Jixi, Shucheng Xian), in southern Jiangsu ( Yixing Xian) and northern Zhejiang ( Anji Xian).

• Scheinparrotie ( Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana ( Decne. ) Rehder ) ( Syn: Parrotia jacquemontiana Decne. ) In the Himalayas.

• Sycopsis sinensis Oliv, home: China.

• Dicoryphe Thouars: It comes with about 13 species before only on Madagascar and the Comoros.
• Witch hazel (Hamamelis L.): With about four to six species with disjunktem area in North America, China and Japan.
• Belt flower ( Loropetalum R.Br. ex Rchb, Syn. Tetrathyrium Benth. ): With a (excluding the two Tetrathyrium species) to three types: come to China ( all three types ), Japan, in the eastern and northern India before.
• Maingaya Olive. Is a monotypic genus with the only kind: Maingaya malayana Olive: . These occurring only on the Malay Peninsula species is threatened by habitat loss.

• Neostrearia fleckeri L.S. Sm

• Noahdendron nicholasii P.K. Endress et al.

• Ostrearia australiana Baill.

• Trichocladus crinitus ( Thunb. ) Pers, home. South Africa
• Trichocladus grandiflorus Olive, Origin:. South Africa (Natal, Cape ).

The three previously incorporated into the Hamamelidaceae genera Altingia Noronha, L. and Liquidambar Semiliquidambar Hung T. Chang now form their own little family Altingiaceae.

Use

Ornamental plants

A few species and hybrids are used as ornamental trees in parks and gardens. Is particularly appealing that some species bloom early in the year ( even in winter).

Medicinal plants

Some species are medicinal plants: Hamamelis virginiana ( drug: Hamamelidis folium - witch hazel; German name: witch hazel, witch hazel, Hamamelis Virginian ): processes are applied witch hazel leaves for mild skin injuries, local inflammation of skin and mucous membranes; Hemorrhoids and varicose vein symptoms. In folk medicine, a gift also takes place internally in diarrhea. The effects are based on the content of tannins ( astringent, locally hemostatic ( stops bleeding ) and anti-inflammatory).

The medical effects of Loropetalum chinense were examined.

Typical ingredients within the family of Hamamelisgewächse are polyphenols, including tannins (especially gallotannins ), and balsams.

Wood

The dark brown wood of Distylium racemosum is for example used in the manufacture of musical instruments. From Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana baskets and ropes are manufactured for bridges from the flexible branches; the hard, heavy wood is used, for example, webs, tent poles, ax handles.

Swell

• Entry to the family of Hamamelidaceae on the APWebsite. ( Section systematics and description)
• The family of Hamamelidaceae and the family of Rhodoleiaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )
• Zhi- Yun Zhang, Hongda Zhang & Peter K. Endress: Hamamelidaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 9, 2003, pp. 18-44: Description and Identification keys of the Chinese taxa - Online. ( Section systematics: Information to the genera )
• Frederick G. Meyer: Hamamelidaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 3: Online.
• Zhang Zhi- yun & Lu An -ming: Hamamelidaceae: geographic distribution, fossil history and origin. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 33: 313-339. . , In Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 33, 1995, pp. 313-339: PDF Online.
• Q. Zhang, P. Shi, Y. Huang, F. Tan & H. Zhang Phylogeny of Hamamelidoideae based on the ITS sequences. in Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni, 38, 1999, pp. 107-110.
• Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7