Heart rate
The heart rate or heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute. It is expressed in min-1 or as bpm (beats per minute ). The heartbeat frequency ( HF) is often equated with the pulse, which is not accurate, because the heart rate is only one aspect of the pulse. Qualities include, in addition, the pulse frequency of the heart beat regularity, the pressure increase speed, the absolute pressure, and the filling volume.
Heart rate in humans
The heart rate in humans is dependent on the load, the age and physical fitness. A newborn at rest has a heart rate of 120 beats per minute, while a 70 -year-old has a frequency around 70 beats per minute. The heartbeat frequency is in a healthy person at rest 50 to 100 beats per minute. In patients with heart disease, these limits must be moved according to the underlying cardiac disease.
The heart rate of a healthy subject to many influences. An essential part of any regulation by the autonomic nervous system in balance by stimulating the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system depressant, further play circulating in the bloodstream hormones, particularly catecholamines, play a role.
An increased heart rate, decreased termed tachycardia bradycardia.
Is the tachycardia during exercise a normal reaction of the body that allows him to adjust the cardiac output current requirements, an increase in resting heart rate in various diseases may indicate. In addition to primary cardiac ( located in the heart ) come here and systemic (ie affecting the whole body ) causes such as an incipient or manifest infectious disease in question. Even mental tension can cause an increase in heart rate toward the sympathetic autonomous by shifting the equilibrium.
The bradycardia could also have pathologic causes. Physiologically, however, it occurs in athletes, since the heart muscle increases by exercise training in mass and thus can carry more blood per heartbeat. The rest of the body may need to be covered at a lower heart rate, is at the same time, what 's the sense of adaptation, the maximum load is higher. Thus, a resting heart rate of 24 beats per minute was measured eg with a rower. For an average- trained endurance athletes a resting heart rate of 35-45 beats per minute is also lower than that of a untrained people.
The maximum heart rate (also: maximum heart rate ) is the number of heart beats per minute, which can reach a person with maximum physical exertion. The maximum heart rate is an individual size and can be determined by ergometry. Rules of thumb for determining the own maximum heart rate (such as maximum heart rate = 220 - age in years), however, are not very useful, since they refer to statistical averages and the individual value of which more than 30 beats may vary.
Heart rate in animals
In mammals, the rule is that the heart rate is smaller, the larger an animal is. The total number of heartbeats throughout the life of a mammal is around one billion. Man is an exception: he brings it up to almost four billion heartbeats.
The following table shows heart rates for adult animals are shown at rest, in some species, in addition, the body weight and cold-blooded animals, the temperature at which was measured. Unless otherwise indicated, is based on the figures
Heart rate variability
The heart rate variability, also called " heart rate variability " (HRV, heart rate variability of English ) refers to the property of the heart rate of healthy persons to constantly change slightly. It is an expression of the various regulatory mechanisms of the body that are required to maintain the stability of the cardiovascular system. Heart rate variability analysis attempts to quantify these changes and to make them useful for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. A change (mostly reduction ) of individual dimensions or components of heart rate variability has been described for various diseases, as, inter alia, high blood pressure and septic shock. The analysis of the heartbeat scattering as well as their change in load allows conclusions to the nature and severity of certain diseases. In particular, as a criterion for assessment of prognosis of myocardial infarction has been found acceptance. Sports Medical Research results indicate limited suitability of HRV in the training control. The Herzratenvariabiliät can be trained and improved based procedure with biofeedback.
Fields of application:
- Bloodless measurement of the activity of the vagus nerve
- Autonomous disorders ( diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease)
- Bloodless measurement of the anaerobic threshold
- Overtraining
- Depression
- Stress
- Physical and mental stress
- Recovery time after competitions