Heiligenberg (Heidelberg)

W1

The Holy Mountain seen upwards Neckar, in the foreground New Home

The 439.9 m above sea level. NHN high Holy Mountain is located in the east over the Heidelberger districts Neuenheim and glove home. With the royal chair of the Holy Mountain is one of the two local mountains of Heidelberg. In the Carolingian period he was Aberinsberg before moving to the colonization of the monasteries of St. Michael and St. Stephen in 1265 by Premonstratensian from the Allerheiligenkloster in the Black Forest the name " All Saints Mountain" (from the Latin " mons omnium sanctorum " ) received.

  • 3.1 Celtic ring wall
  • 3.2 Heidenloch
  • 3.3 Michaelskloster
  • 3.4 Stephan Monastery
  • 3.5 Holy Mountain Tower
  • 3.6 Bismarcktower
  • 3.7 Thingstätte

Geography

The Holy Mountain is located on the western edge of the Odenwald to the mountain road and the front of it wide Upper Rhine Plain. Upstream from the south of the flat summit of the mountain is Michael ( 375.5 m above sea level. NN ). The Holy Mountain falls steeply to the west in the plane as to the south of the Neckar valley from beyond which rises the king chair over the old town of Heidelberg in the river valley. In the north, the V-shaped valley separates the pulpit to the brook flowing Rombach or Mühlbach the Holy Mountain by the High Nistler, northeast connecting a saddle with the more distant white stone.

History

Due to its prominent location of the Holy Mountain offered a wide view into the plane and into the Neckar valley, as well as a natural protection. He was therefore already since the early Neolithic ( Linear Pottery ) populated. From the first half of the 1st millennium BC, the Celts themselves were permanently settled here. Of signs of life still bear witness to the remains of a dual Celtic ring wall, which was once the main and the front enclosed summit.

Archeological finds show that iron ore was smelted here during early La Tène period. The settlement was from the 5th century BC to the Roman period in the political, religious and cultural center of the region. In around 200 BC, the center of power shifted eastward in the valley into the Roman Lopodunum, today Ladenburg. In Roman times, the summit was a sacred area with stone buildings, which still bear witness to the foundation walls of two available modes Mercuriusheiligtums with an apse in the nave of the basilica Michael. Among the archaeological finds include consecration stones with Latin inscriptions consecration, after which they were to God " Mercurius Cimbrianus " donated, the Mercurius of the Cimbri. This suggests a place of worship for the Germanic god Wodan. This summit shrine apparently lasted until around 600 AD, as tombs were at that time not yet created around the sanctuary.

Occasionally, the Holy Mountain is equated with the aforementioned in Ammianus Mons Piri on which the troops Emperor Valentinian I in the year 369 were doing during the campaign entrenchments, but were driven out by the Germans. From the 4th to 5th century are some stray finds, at the end of the 6th century the mountain was repopulated. At least for the 7th century Christian burials there detectable. In the Carolingian period, in the 8th century, some stone buildings were erected over the shrine. It could have been here to buildings for the representative of the King. In the 9th century the Abbey Lorsch built with the involvement of a Roman building on the main summit there first church, which was dedicated to the Archangel Michael. In the year 882 the Holy Mountain was first mentioned in writing as " But Ines mountain," as Ludwig III. the Holy Mountain, in the funeral of his father ( Louis the German ) in Lorsch, over appropriated to the abbey of Lorsch.

The early Romanesque church preserved as a ruin originates in the eastern part of the late 10th century, the western parts date from the period around 1030. The design of the overall system is attributed to the abbot Reginbald. The oldest representation of the system, in Merian ( Topographia Palatinatus ) of 1645, shows the monastery already in ruins, but still with largely preserved walls and the central tower.

Chronology

  • 5500-5000 BC: findings from the time of the Linear Pottery
  • 5000-4400 BC: Tracks permanent settlement of the Middle Neolithic: stone axes and fragments of pottery
  • 1200 BC: Bronze Age urn field culture ( Hallstatt B): closed, reaching across the ring rampart, on settlement
  • 480-280 BC: The largest expansion of the Celtic hillfort of national importance ( Iron Working )
  • 80-260/270 AD: Roman temple district at the summit with the worship of the gods Jupiter and Mercury
  • 300-500 AD: Migration period ( Robbing the Roman period buildings )
  • 600: permanent settlement on the rear cap ( St. Michael in place of the ancient Mercurius )
  • 700-882: royal court on parts of the renewed Celtic ring wall
  • 1023: Foundation of St. Michael monastery under Abbot Reginbald
  • 1070: Death of the first Abbot of Hirsau, Friedrich, in St. Michael monastery ( place of pilgrimage, though not canonized )
  • 1090: Monk Arnold built a hermitage on the front top of the Holy Mountain
  • 1094: second founding of the monastery on the mountain But Ines ( provost of St. Stephan)
  • 1100: Funeral of Lady Hazecha in the provost of St. Stephen ( grave plate as the oldest written monument medieval Heidelberg )
  • 1265: Entry of the Premonstratensian on the Holy Mountain
  • 1232: Transition from Lorsch monastery at Mainz
  • 1460: Mainz pin feud ( destruction of the system and rebuilding of the nave )
  • 1503 collapse of the North Tower
  • 1508: Philipp Melanchthon studied the Roman inscriptions at St Michael's Church
  • 1537: Jacob Micyllus describes the Michael Monastery in ruins
  • 1548: Sebastian Münster mentions " wunderbarlich old pagan brick holes and gefencknus ( prisons ) "
  • 1555: in the train of the Reformation, the monasteries of St. Michael and St. Stephen are drawn from the Palatine
  • 1589: St. Stephan is assigned to the University of Heidelberg (University Senate decides demolition of the monasteries and sale of stones)
  • 1601: Matthäus Merian stands the ruins of the monastery Michael
  • 1860: Karl Christian draws attention to the stone walls
  • 1881 excavations
  • 1886: uncovering the ruins of the monastery Michael
  • 1907 excavations at the ring walls
  • 1929: Construction of the inn " forest tavern " ( Celtic finds)
  • 1934: Construction of the " Thingstätte " ( prehistoric and Roman finds )
  • 1936/1937: Exploring the heath hole
  • 1950: Investigations by the Palatinate Museum
  • 1970: Object fuses and exploratory excavations in the area of ​​Michaelsbasilika
  • 1979/1980: Restoration of the prehistoric watering hole of the ring wall mounting, the so-called "Bitter Fountain "
  • 1980-1983: surface excavation in the area of ​​Michaelsbasilika

Buildings on the Holy Mountain

Celtic ring wall

At the sacred mountain, the remains of a double ring Celtic Walls found from the 4th century BC

Heidenloch

On the Holy Mountain is the still enigmatic 55 meters deep heather hole, the exact time of origin and function are unknown. Presumably there is a cistern or a well shaft, which was already created in Roman times.

Michael Monastery

The ruins of the Basilica built in 1023 and the monastery of St. Michael on the main peak.

Stephan Monastery

The ruins of the building built in the 11th century monastery on Stephan Michael Berg. St. Stephen, next to St. Michael the second monastery on the Holy Mountain, was built around the year 1090 by the Benedictine monk Arnold.

Holy Mountain Tower

The Holy Mountain Tower is an observation tower at the Stephan monastery, which was built in the 19th century from stones of the monastery.

Bismarck Tower

The Heidelberg Bismarck Tower, a monument to the first Chancellor, stands on the southern slopes of the Holy Mountain above the Heidelberg philosopher path and is accessible by a staircase.

Thingstätte

The 1935 was built to a design by Hermann Alker according to the pseudo - modeled on ancient Greek theater Thingstätte is a for some years back used outdoor stage. She lies on the saddle between the Holy Mountain and Michael Berg.

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