Henry Walter Bates

Henry Walter Bates ( born February 8, 1825 Leicester, England; † February 16, 1892 in London) was an English naturalist, evolutionary biologist and entomologist. He became famous through his Amazon expedition, which he started in 1848 together with Alfred Russel Wallace. Bates sent up to his return from Brazil in 1859, more than 14,000 species (mostly insects), of which 8,000 were new to science, to England. He was an early supporter of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin. Those Bates'sche mimicry ' is named after him.

Life

Henry Walter Bates was born on February 8, 1825 in Leicester, the eldest of four sons of a knitwear manufacturer. At age 13, he began an apprenticeship with a knitwear retailer. In his spare time he collected insects. In 1843 he published a short paper on beetles in the journal " Zoologist ". He became friends with Alfred Russel Wallace, who was also an ardent entomologist. After reading William Henry Edwards book on the Amazon expedition, they decided to travel to the tropical rain forest itself and to fund through the sale of specimens of insects collected their journey. Bates gave his job as a clerk, and they started together on their expedition.

In 1848 they landed in Pará (now Belém ), where they remained one and a half years and from where they made ​​their excursions in the estuary of the Amazon. In 1850 they parted ways and each has researched and collected for themselves.

For three years, was then Santarém (Pará ) main base for Bates. From here he explored the surrounding area and the Rio Tapajós, a major tributary of the Amazon. Again and again he sent specimens collected (mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, molluscs, zoophytes ( sessile marine animals ) ) to Europe to museums and collectors. He moved further upstream and explored the flora and fauna in the area of Ega (now Tefé ), Fonte Boa and finally São Paulo de Olivenca near the Peruvian border. After eleven years in Brazil, he returned in 1859 to England.

Through his journey, he made ​​major contributions to our understanding of evolution. He discovered later named after him, Bates `sche mimicry ': Harmless animals take the look (Warning costume ) of fortified or inedible animals to and deceived by their enemies.

In 1863 he married Sara Ann Mason.

After a futile applying for a job at the zoological department of the British Museum, he worked from 1864 as an employee of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1881 he became a member of the Royal Society in London. Henry Walter Bates died on 16 February 1892 bronchitis.

Works

  • Contributions to on Insect Fauna of the Amazons Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconiidae (1862 ). Darwin praised this essay as one of the most remarkable and admirable papers I ever read in my life. ( " as one of the most remarkable and admirable essay I 've ever read in my life ").
  • The Naturalist on the River Amazon (1863 ) The book describes the journey of exploration from 1848 to 1859 in the Amazon. Table of contents: Chapter I Pará: Arrival - Appearance of the country - the Para River - First walk in the suburbs of Pará - birds, lizards and insects of the suburbs - leaf-cutting ant - Overview of climate, history and the current states of Pará
  • Chapter II Pará: the swampy forests of Pará - A Portuguese landowners from Portugal - Country House in Nazareth - Life of a naturalist under the equator - the drier forests - Magoary - oxbow - Native
  • Chapter III, Para: Religious Holidays - Marmoset monkeys - Snakes - Insects
  • Chapter IV The Rio Tocantins and Cameta travel arrangements - The Bay of Goajara - fan palm grove - the lower Tocantins - Description of the River Vista Allegre - Baiao - rapids - boat tour to the Guariba waterfalls - The life of the locals on the Tocantins - Second journey to Cameta
  • Chapter V Caripi and the Bay of Marajo: The Rio Pará and the Bay of Marajo - Travel to Caripi - Christmas in Negroes - A German family - Bats - anteaters - Hummingbirds - Excursion to Murucupi - The domestic life of the inhabitants - hunting trip with Indians - White Ants
  • Chapter VI The lower Amazon region - Pará after Obydos: Trip Types on the Amazon River - Historical description of the early explorations of the river - travel arrangements - Life on board a large merchant ship - the narrow channels connecting the parameters with the Amazon - First encounter with the Great Flow - Gurupa - The Great shoal - table Mountains - Santarem - Obydos
  • Chapter VII The lower Amazon, From Obydos to Manaus or Barra of the Rio Negro: Departure from Obydos - Riverside and side channels - cocoa growers - Daily life on board our ship - Big storm - sand island and its birds - Hills of Parentins - negro traders and Mauhes Indians - Villanova: its inhabitants, forest and animals - Cararaucu - A rural festival - The Lake of Cararaucu - Motuca - flies - Serpa - Christmas Holidays - The Madeira River - A Mamluk Farmer - Mura Indians - Rio Negro - Description of Barra - drive to Pará down - yellow fever
  • Chapter VIII Santarem: Location of Santarem - behavior and customs of the inhabitants - Climate - grasslands and forests - excursions to Mapiri, Mahica and Irura with a short description of their natural history - palm trees, wild fruit trees, Minierwespen, wall wasps, bees and sloths
  • Chapter IX travel the Rio Tapajos up travel arrangements - First day of sailing - boat loss - Altar de Chao - get options fish - problems with the ship's crew - Arrival at Aveyros - excursions in the area - White Capuchin monkeys - essence of Capuchin monkeys - Tame Parrot - Mission settlement - entrance to the River Cupari - Adventure with Anaconda - Smoke -dried Monkey - Boa constrictor - Village of Mundurucu Indians and hostile invasion of a savage tribe - Waterfalls of Cupari - Hyacinth Macaw - Back in the broad Tapajos - down the river to Santarem
  • Chapter X The upper Amazon region - Travel to Ega ( = Tefé ): Departure from Barra - First day and night on the Upper Amazon - Desolate appearance of the river during the flood season - Cucama Indians - Mental Health of the Indians - Wind gusts - Manatees - Forest - Floating pumice stones from the Andes - Downhill shore - Ega and its inhabitants - Daily life of a naturalist in Ega - the Four Seasons at upper Amazon
  • Chapter XI excursions in the neighborhood of Ega: The river Tefé - roaming through the woods on the shore - trip to the home of a Passe Chieftain - Character and customs of the Passe tribe - First Excursion: Sand Islands of Solimoens - habits of the great River Turtle - Second excursion: turtle catch in the inland lakes - Third excursion: hunting forays with natives in the forest - Return to Ega
  • Chapter XII animals in the neighborhood of Ega: red-faced monkeys - monkeys Parauacu - Eulengesichtige night monkeys - marmoset - Jupura - Bats Birds - Cuvier's Toucan - Krauskopfarassari - Insects - hanging Kokoons - Ants - Blind Ants
  • Chapter XIII excursions beyond Ega: Travel by steam boat on the Amazon River - Passengers - Tunantins - Caishana Indians - The Jutahi - The Sapo - Maraua Indians - Fonte Boa - Travel to São Paulo - Tucuna Indians - Disease - return to Para - Changes in Pará - departure for England
  • Editor of Transactions of the Royal Geographical Society
  • Contributions to ' Zoologist ', ' Entomological Society 's Journal ', ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History ' and ' Entomologist '

Honors

  • Brazilian Order of the Rose
  • Member of the Royal Society
Aposematism Richard Spruce Project Gutenberg Integrated Authority File
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