Heteronomy

Heteronomy is in contrast to the autonomy Fremdgesetzlichkeit or - positivity and mean dependence on foreign influences or the will of others. Romano Guardini, who sees himself given no dialectical relationship, but a polar voltage unit between autonomy and heteronomy, who introduced the concept Allonomie due to the derogatory rating of the term. Since Immanuel Kant, the term heteronomy is used as an antonym for autonomy in the sense of free will. But already with him heteronomy is not synonymous with full foreign provision that would have no more responsibility. Heteronomy can also be selected themselves.

Humanities

In psychology, the topic of heteronomy is discussed as a dependent relationship with people or diseases due to which a man is no longer free will to decide. Not autonomously is primarily the adult who has failed to emancipate themselves from educational situations. He is not independent and autonomous in the sense of dependence from previous relationship conditions (education situations). In this respect, he has not managed one of the most important developmental tasks. In the approach to teaching is by authors such as Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg heteronomy ( "Rules are sacred " ) together with the autonomy of the relevant conditions of development -related area-specific levels of development in moral judgment. Especially by the representatives of the Independent Living Movement, the view is taken that other factors such as prejudices, structural conditions or social conventions can lead to such restrictive dependence conditions.

Max Weber treats the topic heteronomy in the context of his studies to the medieval city of the West, in which he observed a development from heteronomy to autonomy. The criteria for autonomous in contrast to the heteronomous city are you institute character, the municipal autonomy, the form of legal association with a rational, gesatzten public and subjective law and the beginning of democratic structures, the economic orientation of the citizen to market opportunities and the beginnings of a modern proletariat. Then there are the breakthrough of traditional bonds and a sharp division between town and country. In this sense, the previous heteronomous city is characterized by the opposite criteria. The urban sociology Max Weber's observations can be applied analogously to other natural, sociological and legal persons and groups.

In theology, heteronomy is between the heteronomy as an involuntary Will dependence ( tyranny ), distinguished as voluntary obedience to the will of supernatural authority and the heteronomy as will obedience to God ( Theonomy ). After Roger Lenaers heteronomy or heteronomous thinking refers to the ideas and the thoughts of traditional religions, according to which there is a parallel world outside the perceptible directly to people. God, gods, saints, angels and other heavenly beings living in it. This world is thought of as real and is similar ( by projection ) in many ways the real perceptible world; it influences the real in many ways. This view is outdated with increasing education. The counterpart to the heteronomous thinking is the autonomous thinking and autonomy, after there was only the scientifically observable world at Lenaers. As a compromise, he sees the modern theonomous thinking or theonomy. We are to understand a world view, on the one hand full account of the scientific worldview, on the other hand, everything looks the same as perceptible self-revelation of God.

Political Science and Law

In political science, the term is mainly used in relation to the sovereignty and autonomy of a state or political association. Where the constitutional order of a State or Union shall be set from the outside, this is heteronomous. Conversely, however, is just the State institution, against which the individual or in organized groups are heteronomous. This state absolutism and anarchy are then the corresponding extremes of the relationship between heteronomy and autonomy.

In the law we speak in terms of bodies of heteronomy when, for example, must judge by legal regulations for other actors themselves. For example, leaders and association staff a heterokephalen Association are appointed by outsiders.

Also, we speak with the resignation from trial of a criminal offense (§ 24 StGB) of heteronomous reasons, if this outside the sphere of the will of the perpetrator - for example, the looming danger of discovery of the offense by the police - are. Is in contrast to the autonomous reasons, so these are not mandatory, external obstacles, but those that are based on a voluntary decision of the offender, such as when the offender repents his act. Admittedly, the details of the definition in the literature are highly controversial.