Hisbah

The Hisba ( حسبة, DMG Hisba ) in Islam is a religious institution under the authority of the State for the preservation of order under the laws of Allah.

Hisba as a duty of a Muslim

Hisba is the duty of every Muslim to enjoin what is right and forbid what is evil. This product is based on the Quran in multiple required standard to enjoin the right and forbid the wrong (see sura 3.110, 7.157, 9.71, 9.112, 22.41 ).

If the fellow human sin, anyone can charge a Hisba - action, as it is also technically not every citizen was possible in the 1990s in Egypt.

In Islamic legal theory of legal scholar al - Mawardi (972-1058) has described in his book al - Ahkam al - Sultaniya this moral obligation of a Muslim towards his fellow man and with regard to the Quranic standard above-mentioned for the first time. He was followed by al -Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyya, each with short articles moral character.

Hisba as a state duty

Religion, State and Islamic law, the Shari'a, are often closely intertwined in the Islamic world. The struggle for supremacy between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I in the 7th century, however, marked a clear separation between secular government and religious power, although the former religious arguments served to legitimize its supremacy ( such as at the same time, the European dynasties did). Interestingly, zemenierten the early events after the death of the Prophet Mohammed ( in 632 ) the subordination of the religious elite of the state, which is thus responsible for the protection of subordinates and compliance with the law. The Koran also calls of the Ummah ( community of believers, State):

" And for you to be a community that invites to the good and commandeth that which is rightfully, and forbids injustice; and these are the successful ones. "

" You are the best community that evolved for mankind. You enjoin what is rightful, and forbids her the wrong, and you believe in Allah. And if the People of the Book had believed, truly, it would have been good for them! Among them are believers, but most of them are transgressors "

The State and the Hisba protect the Muslim one hand against arbitrariness. The Muslim can sue if he sees the Islamic order in danger. On the other hand, it depends on the interpretation of the Shari'a, which is available in some Islamic states of fundamentalists.

Muhtasib as Hisba Incumbents

The Hisba official was already in his lifetime of Muhammad. The muhtasib (al- muhtasib ) is the Kadi imputed market supervisor who ensures that purchase transactions conform to the principles of Islamic law. He controls the orderly settlement of transactions. Similar tasks fulfilled in the Hellenistic and early Byzantine period the Agora Nomos ( ἀγορανόμος ). The oldest surviving work in which this office is described in this sense, dates from the middle of the 9th century and is in Kairouan, entitled Ahkam al - Sūq ( " laws of the market" ) have been written. Ibn Khaldun describes this office and its significance in his al - Muqaddimah.

The muhtasib but also takes care to ensure that the prayer times, dress codes, compulsory veil and rally prohibitions are observed and true men and women treat one another " morality and decency ".

Some complaints

• The writer Salman Rushdie was sentenced on 14 February 1989 by the Iranian head of state by means of a Khomeini fatwa to death because Rushdie's 1988 published book " The Satanic Verses " " against Islam, the Prophet and the Koran " is addressed. Salman Rushdie was outlawed. Khomeini called on Muslims around the world on the enforcement. In order to accelerate the implementation, a bounty of three million U.S. dollars has been suspended.

• The Cairene University professor Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid has researched the Koran literary studies. He was regarded for his opinion about the Quran in 1995 by a court in Cairo as an apostate from Islam and forcibly divorced. Therefore he emigrated with his wife in the Netherlands ( for details, see en: Nasr Abu Zayd ).

• Amina Lawal was sentenced in 2002 by a Nigerian court to be stoned because she was expecting a child as a divorced woman.

Hisba in Nigeria

See also: Hisba groups in Nigeria and Sharia conflict in Nigeria

After the election of a Christian president Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria since 2000 accept the following states of the Shari'a as its legal system, thus become Islamic theocracies and use in accordance with the institution Hisba:

• Northwest: Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Kano, Jigawa, Katsina and Kaduna
• Northeast: Yobe, Borno, Bauchi and Gombe in the Northeast,
• Middle: Niger.