Historic site

A monument (plural: monuments or monuments ) as evidence of past cultural history is also referred to as a monument in the broader sense.

It is in common usage, a according to Duden

"Got [ art ] plant, which bears witness to an earlier culture. "

The history of the term monument goes back to Martin Luther, which is the meaning of " memory aid " has (see Monument - term history ). That term is understood dual monument and must be distinguished from the monument in the strict sense, ie the monument as an artistic work of commemorating a person or event.

German basic and generic term those to be protected and their treatment

Monument was the base concept worthy of protection objects of past cultural history, partially supplemented by the intent of culture, art, construction or others.

From the monument to the two most important terms of dealing derive with monuments: Monument and Historic Monuments as the totality of all measures intended to conserve the heritage- worthy objects in the public interest, anchored today in most countries in the world through conservation laws legally. No distinction is made in one part of the country between monuments and cultural heritage. In Germany it is used as a generic term monument or cultural monument depending on the province. In the context of monuments protected and deprotection worthy objects are detected and listed.

Monument as a generic term is used in the long titles of the following German conservation laws: Law on the Protection and Preservation of Monuments (Bavaria), Law on the Protection of monuments in Berlin, the Law on the protection and care of the monuments in the state of Brandenburg, Law on the Protection and Preservation of Monuments in the land of North Rhine -Westphalia. Another five state laws use the term in the law titles listed. Seven of the 16 German state law titles call the protected object cultural monument. In the legal text itself, the conservation laws of the six states of Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Hamburg, Mecklenburg- Vorpommern and North Rhine -Westphalia use the generic term monument, while the generic term cultural monument in the ten laws of Baden- Württemberg, Berlin, Bremen, Lower Saxony, Rhineland- Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony -Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia occur.

The use of the preamble monument also applies to the Austria -wide federal law relating to the protection of monuments because of their historical, artistic or other cultural significance.

Monument, it also had listed the GDR the generic term for this declared " evidence of the political, cultural and economic development " ( until 1961 still referred to as a cultural monument ) from 1961.

Historic parks ( for example, gardens, alleys and dance Linden ) can simultaneously be protected as a culture and as a natural monument, as the respective protective purpose is different.

According to the conservation laws of some countries by a legal fiction fossils - in itself is natural monuments - declared cultural monuments (see eg Hessian Monument Protection Act ).

In analogy to the formation of concepts cultural monument of the term was formed natural monument and eg the Saxon Heritage Protection Act of 1934, the law used for the protection of artistic, cultural and natural monuments. Even if a grown monument was not built as a memorial, a monument value is usually awarded the passage of time when it will become the testimony of the people. Such analogies can be dialed even if the protected landscape features such as caves, distinctive and old tree specimens, species-rich natural areas, fossils, and other objects naturally formed.

Foreign language names for monuments of past cultural history

  • Albania: Monuments Kulturore
  • Andorra: Bé d' interès cultural ( heritage ), Bé immoble ( monument )
  • Australia: Commonwealth Heritage, National Estate
  • France: Monument historique
  • Ireland: National Monument
  • Canada: National Historic Site / lieu historique national
  • Luxembourg: Immeubles et objets classés monuments nationaux, Immeubles et objets à l' inscrits inventaire supplémentaire
  • New Zealand Historic Places / Pouhere Taonga: Historic Place ( monument ), Historic Area ( memorial area ), Wahi Tapu ( sacred place of Māori ), Wahi Tapu Areas ( sacred area of Māori )
  • Netherlands: Rijksmonument ( national monument ), Gemeentelijk monument ( memorial church ), MIP- object
  • Portugal: Monumento nacional
  • Sweden: Byggnadsminne
  • Switzerland: a heritage of national and regional importance / Bien culturel régional et d' national, importance /
  • Spain: Bien of Interest Cultural ( Cultural Property ), including Bienes inmuebles ( Localized Cultural Heritage ): Monumento histórico, Jardín histórico, Conjunto histórico, Sitio histórico, Zona arqueológica; Bienes muebles ( Portable cultural goods ); other cultural heritage
  • South Africa: National heritage site
  • Czech Republic: National Cultural Monument / Národní kulturní památka
  • United States: National Monument, National Historic Landmark
  • United Kingdom: Listed Building of Special Architectural or Historic Interest
  • People's Republic of China: Quanguo zhòngdiǎn Wenwu bǎohù danwei (Monuments of the People's Republic of China)

Subdivisions of monuments

Even without any protection status and without any recourse to legal definitions can be divided monuments professionally or different from each other as follows:

After the scope of the monument

  • A single monument is a rather point-like single object, such as a listed part of a building, a building, monument, memorial hall or an archaeological findings.
  • A historical landmark, monument ensemble or a conservation zone is the impersonal entity of several individual objects, which themselves do not or need not be all the individual monuments, but overall, form a monument. The concept was developed in response to surface restoration and landscape destruction in the 1970s about the ideas of townscape care, field character and cultural landscape protection.
  • A memorial area is a monument, which occupies a larger area.

Single monument: San Michele de Murato ( Corsica)

Monument Zone: Market District ( Trier- core city)

Two-dimensional ground monument: Hadrian's Wall ( Greenhead, England)

Archaeological Reserve: Navajo National Monument ( Arizona)

After the type of monument

Monuments to monument preservation, so regardless of their protected status, different monument types belong, which for an object does not have to exclude ( thus providing a mill both a monument and a technical monument is ):

  • A monument thereof construction or parts which have been preserved above ground.
  • A memorial garden is a testimony of garden design or landscape architecture.
  • A hallway monument is a man-made object outside of towns, such as a landmark or a wayside cross.
  • A small monument is a small, local firm testimony of human cultural activity.
  • An archaeological site (also referred to as an archaeological monument) includes underground construction or underground remnants of supernatural physical structures.
  • A Technical monument is a testament to the history of technology.
  • An industrial monument is an industrial history.
  • A traffic monument is a testament to the history of transport.
  • As a sound monument historic organs and bells are summarized in Austria.
  • A monument is now mostly an object of art in the proper sense, of sculptures, wooden altars on stone portals, metallic components ( Galanteriespenglerei, goals) and works of fine art to handcrafted monuments such as jewelry, books or historical clothing.
  • A collection
  • A movable monument is a memorial that civil law is a mobile thing. These can be: a movable machine like a ship or a locomotive or
  • Wegtragbare evidence of human cultural history as Furnishings, Kron and spiritual treasures, clothing, documents, and more. These are usually referred to as a cultural asset. For the Protection of Cultural Property and the monument protection laws subject to specific regulations, as the traditional monument usually deals with immovable monuments.

Construction and technical monument: Eiffel Tower ( Paris)

Industrial monument: Oxygen plant II ( Peenemünde )

Traffic monument: Transporter Bridge (east - Hemmoor )

Garden memorial: Renaissance gardens of Villandry Castle

Corridor and small monument: Grenzadler ( district Oberhof )

Unausgegrabenes ground monument: Moth ( Verpelét, Heves County )

Ground monument: Garden of the fugitives, Pompeii

Protected cultural landscape, World Heritage Site: Banaue Rice Terraces (Philippines)

Moving technical monument: Steam icebreaker Stettin ( Hamburg)

Moving technical monument: Narrow gauge locomotive 99 1775-8 ( Lößnitzgrundbahn )

Moving monument: Imperial Crown ( Secular Treasury Vienna)

In the monument topography Federal Republic of Germany

According to the directives of the union of the conservation authorities in the Federal Republic of Germany to create a monument topography Federal Republic of Germany from 1981 the recorded monuments are divided regardless of the applicable national conservation legislation as follows:

  • Monuments of architecture, mostly differentiated into individual monuments, monument ensembles and other types (color: red)
  • Monuments of agriculture (color: green)
  • Monuments of hydraulic engineering ( Color: Blue )

Monument overviews in German-speaking

  • Lists of the objects listed in Germany
  • Lists the protected properties in Austria
  • Collection of cultural goods and listed buildings in Switzerland
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