History of the cooperative movement

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The cooperative movement occurs as a social movement in England and on the European mainland to the mid-19th century with new economic policy goals and is to be understood as an important attempt to solve those social problems raised by the early capitalism. Cooperatives in this sense are to be understood as economically " promoting operating economies " (R. Henzler ).

Amount of movement

All in the nascent industrialization Needy nascent industries resorted to new cooperative forms of organizational self-help: farmers ( Raiffeisen cooperatives ), craftsmen and retailers ( credit cooperatives, purchasing cooperatives), apartment seekers ( housing associations ), working as a consumer ( consumer cooperatives ) and in the Bauhütte movement as a professional self-organization.

( The " knighthoods " of declining Gutsadels are striking in this context. )

Their impact was enough early into the nascent labor movement, but also in the trade union movement, the Guild socialism and anarcho-syndicalism.

Historical connections

Historical and terminological attacked the co-operative movement - especially in German-speaking - to the already known from the Middle Ages " cooperatives " ( " Einungen ", " guilds " ) return ( eg forest cooperatives, dike cooperatives, funeral co-operatives), but it differs from the conventionally " communal" traditional forms in their purposive-rational and theory -based planning. This modern cooperative movement is also not the first anti-capitalist economic policy reform movement (eg, the emergence of the savings bank system, with its non-profit trains two generations before). Cooperative itself could combine operational functions, such as finance, purchasing, manufacturing, sales, depending on the sector with special emphasis.

Analyzes of the co-operative movement (s)

Scientifically have Otto von Gierke as political scientists (two morphology: Roman legal " rule " vs. German legal " Cooperative". ) And Ferdinand Tönnies as a sociologist: submitted ( two normal types of "community" and " society" ) early pioneering analyzes of this social movement. Franz Oppenheimer put 1896, the "iron law of transformation of cooperatives " ( Oppenheimer cal transformation law ) before, according to which all unions must be converted sooner or later in capitalist enterprises.

For the individual branches of the cooperative movement had typical industry theorist and founder: Raiffeisen, Schulze- Delitzsch, Huber and merchant.

Legal expression

Legally procured the cooperative movement in the German Empire, the Cooperative Act ( GenG), in which the forms of " registered cooperative society with unlimited liability amount " ( eGmuH ) or " limited liability amount " ( eGmbH ) were trained, but -traditional cooperatives were just not included. Other legal forms could be designed cooperative basis ( registered associations, mutuals, foundations ).

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