Holly

European holly (Ilex aquifolium), Illustration.

The holly (Ilex ), and winter berries, Christ thorn, spine sleeve, thorn bushes or ( in Austria ) also called Schradler, are the only plant genus of the family of holly plants ( Aquifoliaceae ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). Some species and varieties are ornamental plants for parks and gardens. The branches with the red fruits are used in the UK, France and North America as a Christmas decoration and are increasingly popular in Central Europe.

Etymology

All West Germanic languages ​​have an Indo-European root word as hul - ( OHG HULIS, huls > lancing sleeves, medium dutch huls > Dutch hulst; Old English holeġn > English holly, from Hollywood) to keep. Alone among the Romance languages ​​, the French language has the Germanic word * HULIS borrowed as houx. The same Indo-European root word explains Celtic words like Welsh celyn, Breton kelen (s) and Irish cuilleann.

In contrast, kept most the Romance languages ​​the Latin word acrifolium, which was later misinterpreted as aquifolium. To use the Italian agrifoglio and Occitan grefuèhl ((a) grifou ( i) l, from the wrong Frenchification Aigrefeuille ).

Toxicity

The following data refer to the European holly (Ilex aquifolium): The leaves and the ( red ) berries are highly poisonous. Holly containing the nitrile Menisdaurin and the substances rutin, ursolic acid and Ilicin. In fruits, triterpenes, saponins present in the leaves. In this case, 20 to 30 red berries for adults as a deadly dose in children less accordingly.

Symptoms of poisoning are nausea, vomiting, heart rhythm disorders, paralysis, kidney damage, diarrhea, stomach irritation, drowsiness.

Description

The Ilex species are reached summer or evergreen trees and shrubs, the plant height 2-25 m. They often have leathery leaves. The stipules are small.

They are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). The flowers are small and inconspicuous and are in addition to the bloom cladding only one stamen circle and four carpels grown together. The ovary is upper constant. The red, brown to black, rarely green permanent, stone fruits each contain one to ten seeds.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Ilex was set up in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, p 125. Type species is Ilex aquifolium L. Ilex L. Synonyms are: Agrifolium Hill, Aquifolium Mill, Nemopanthus Raf, Prinos L., Ilicioides Dum. . Cours. nom. rej. , Pileostegia Turcz. nom. illeg. non Hook. f & Thomson. The valid first publication for Aquifoliaceae family Friedrich von Berchtold and Presl was Karl Bořiwog: O Přirozenosti rostlin aneb, rostlinar, 2, 110, 1825, pp. 440, 438 set. A synonym for Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl nom. cons. is Ilicaceae Dumort.

The genus holly (Ilex ) is used in all climates around the world. Most species thrive in the tropics and subtropics. In China, there are 204 species of which 149 species are found only there. Only a few species penetrate into the temperate latitudes in North America and East Asia. In Central Europe, is only one kind, the European Holly ( Ilex aquifolium), native; it is widespread in Western Europe and in the Mediterranean.

The genus Ilex contains about 400 to 600 species and is divided into three subgenera:

  • Subgenus Byronia: it contains only one type: Ilex polypyrena CJTseng & BWLiu: This endemic species thrives in forests at altitudes of about 1000 meters only in Shiwan Dashan in the southern part of China's Guangxi province.
  • Ilex aculeolata Nakai: It grows at altitudes from 100 to 1200 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang ( Taishun ).
  • Ilex Asprella ( Hook. & Arn. ) Champ. ex Benth. It is distributed in China and the Philippines and perhaps in Vietnam.
  • Ilex chapaensis Merr. It is found in northern Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and southern Yunnan.
  • Ilex fragilis Hook. f: It is common in India, Bhutan, Nepal, northern Myanmar and the Chinese provinces of Guizhou ( Weining ), Sichuan, Yunnan, in southern and southeastern Xizang.
  • Ilex kiangsiensis ( SYHu ) CJTseng & BWLiu: It grows at altitudes of 700 to 1000 meters only in the Chinese provinces of northern Guangdong ( Ruyuan ), Hunan ( Xinhuang, Zhijiang ) and Jiangxi.
  • Large-fruited holly (Ilex macrocarpa Oliv. ): It grows at altitudes from 400 to 4500 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
  • Ilex macropoda Miq. It is distributed in China, Japan and Korea.
  • Ilex micrococca Maxim: It is common in China, Japan and Vietnam.
  • Ilex polyneura ( Hand. - Mazz. ) SYHu: It grows at altitudes from 1000 to 2600 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou ( Bijie ), southwestern Sichuan, Yunnan, and in Xizang.
  • Ilex serrata Thunb. It is Japan and the Chinese provinces of Fujian ( Nanping ), Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang widespread.
  • Ilex tsoi Merr. & Chun: It grows at altitudes of 300 to 2000 meters only in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Zhejiang.
  • Subgenus Ilex L.: It contains the remaining over 400 species and is divided into six sections (selection): Section Ilex L.
  • Section Lauroilex S.Y.Hu
  • Section Lioprinus S.Y.Hu
  • Section Paltoria ( Ruiz & Pavon ) Maxim.
  • Section Pseudoaquifolium SYHu: The more than 30 species occur mainly in the southern China.
  • Here is a selection of species of the subgenus Ilex in alphabetical order without regard to the section membership: Ilex abscondita Steyerm.
  • Sand holly (Ilex ambigua ( Michx. ) Torr. )
  • Swamp holly (Ilex amelanchier MACurtis ex Chapm. )
  • Ilex anomala Hook. & Arn.
  • European holly or Common Holly ( Ilex aquifolium L.)
  • Ilex bioritsensis Hayata: It occurs in China and Taiwan.
  • Ilex buergeri Miq. It is distributed in Japan and in the southern Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
  • Small-leaved holly (Ilex canariensis Poir. )
  • Ilex cassine L.: It occurs in Japan and China.
  • Ilex centrochinensis SYHu: It grows at altitudes of 500 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of course in Chongqing ( Fengjie, Wushan ), Hubei and Yunnan and cultivated in Anhui.
  • Ilex ciliospinosa Loes. Thrives at altitudes 500-2600, rarely up to 3100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Southeastern Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, and in the southeastern Xizang.
  • Ilex colchica Pojark. It is widespread in Bulgaria, Turkey and the Caucasus.
  • Ilex collina Alexander
  • Ilex cookii Britton & P.Wilson
  • Ilex corallina Franch. Thrives with two varieties at altitudes usually 700-2400 (400 to 3000) meter in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, southern Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Ilex coriacea ( Pursh ) Chapm.
  • Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl & Paxton. ): It is used in China and Korea.
  • Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ): It is common in China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea. The species Ilex crenata ' Convexa ', also known as spoon - Ilex is referred to as a replacement for the vulnerable to Buchsbaumzünsler in Europe boxwood.
  • Ilex cyrtura Merr.
  • Ilex decidua Walter: It is distributed in the United States and Mexico
  • Ilex dehongensis S.K.Cheng & Y.X.Feng
  • Ilex dimorphophylla Koidz. It occurs only on the Ryukyu Islands.
  • Himalayan holly (Ilex dipyrena Wall. )
  • Ilex fargesii Franch. Thrives with three varieties at altitudes of 1,500 to 3,000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hunan, Sichuan, western Hubei, southern Shaanxi and southern Gansu.
  • Ilex gardneriana Wight: This extinct species was endemic to the Nilgiri mountains in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
  • Ilex geniculata Maxim.
  • Ilex Georgei Comber: She is in Yunnan, western Sichuan, Tibet and northern Myanmar and northeastern India spread.
  • Ink berry holly (Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray ): It is distributed in the United States and Canada.
  • Ilex goshiensis Hayata
  • Ilex guayusa Loes.
  • Ilex integra Thunb. It is distributed in China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan.
  • Ilex intricata Hook. f
  • Ilex kingiana Cockerell: It occurs in the Himalayas and in Yunnan.
  • Ilex laevigata ( Pursh ) A. Gray: It occurs only in the USA.
  • Ilex latifolia Thunb. It is used in China and Japan.
  • Ilex leucoclada ( Maxim. ) Makino: It occurs only in Japan.
  • Ilex longipes Chapm. ex Trel.
  • Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk.
  • Mount Holly (Ilex montana Torr. & A. Gray )
  • Myrtle leaved holly (Ilex myrtifolia Walter ): It occurs in the United States.
  • Ilex nothofagifolia F.K.Ward
  • American holly (Ilex opaca Aiton ): It occurs in the United States.
  • Mate tree ( Ilex paraguariensis A.St. - Hil. ): It is common in South America and is used for the production of mate tea.
  • Ilex pedunculosa Miq. It is common in China, Taiwan and Japan.
  • Ilex perado Aiton: It occurs only in the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.
  • Ilex pernyi Franch. Thrives at altitudes from 1000 to 2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, southern Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, western Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, southern Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang and in the Xizang.
  • Ilex pringlei Standlschmaus.
  • Hairy Holly ( Ilex pubescens Hook. & Arn. )
  • Purple Holly ( Ilex purpurea Hassk. ): You used in China and Japan.
  • Ilex rotunda Thunb. It is distributed in China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands.
  • Ilex rugosa F.Schmidt: It occurs in Japan and Sakhalin.
  • Ilex sikkimensis short
  • Ilex spinigera ( Del. ) Loes. It occurs in Iran and Azerbaijan.
  • Ilex sugerokii Maxim. It occurs in Japan and Taiwan.
  • Ilex tolucana Hemsl.
  • Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray: It spreads in Canada and the United States.
  • Ilex vomitoria Aiton: It occurs in the United States.
  • Ilex wilsonii Loes.
  • Yunnan Holly ( Ilex yunnanensis Franch. ): It is distributed with four varieties in China, Taiwan and northern Myanmar.

There are some hybrids:

  • Moreton Bay holly (Ilex × altaclerensis ( Loudon ) Dallim. ) = Ilex aquifolium Ilex × perado
  • Ilex × attenuata Ashe Ilex opaca = Ilex × cassine
  • Ilex × koehneana Loes. = Ilex aquifolium Ilex latifolia ×
  • Ilex × meserveae SYHu = Ilex aquifolium Ilex rugosa ×
  • Ilex × wandoensis C.F.Mill. & M.Kim

Swell

  • The Aquifoliaceae family in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
  • Leslie Watson, 2008: Data Sheet in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
  • Description of the family in DELTA. There apparently with a more generic, but which is a synonym. ( Description section )
  • Shu -kun Chen, Haiying Ma, Yuxing Feng, Gabrielle Barricade & Pierre -André Loizeau: Aquifoliaceae, pp. 359 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 11: . Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008 ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 (Sections Description and systematics)
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