Hybrid vehicle
Hybrid drive commonly referred to the combination of different techniques for the drive. The drive is so hybrid.
A hybrid vehicle is defined by the UN, a vehicle in which at least two energy converters and two built- in vehicle energy storage systems are in place to drive the vehicle.
In a hybrid electric vehicle, an electric motor and usually a gasoline or diesel engine are the two energy converters; an accumulator and a fuel tank or a gas tank, the two energy stores. However, other combinations were obtained, eg Stirling engine with hydraulic drive and pneumatic accumulator
An electric bike with pedal assistance is an example of a hybrid drive. However, it is not a hybrid vehicle, because only the battery is installed in the vehicle, while the muscle power is supplied from the outside.
A detailed technical definition developed by WIPO, in the work the patent offices of the Member States definitions for the classification of patents filed. The current distinguishing features is, for example, the German Patent and Trademark Office available.
Hybrid Vehicles
The currently heavily themed hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles according to the UN definition.
The individual motors can work together in different ways:
- Parallel: The drives simultaneously act on the part to be moved.
Mixed forms are also possible.
Parallel hybrid
Leistungsverzweigender hybrid
Performance Branched hybrid drives in addition to the internal combustion engine, a combination of two electric machines that work as a generator and motor and so as an electrical transmission. A part of the power of the engine is then mechanically transferred to driving wheels, and another part of the power is transmitted to the wheels by the electric drive motor operating as a generator combination. The advantage of such construction lies in the fact that the engine can operate in a low-consumption -load range regardless of the vehicle speed. The Hybrid Synergy Drive from Toyota is an example of such a concept.
Combined hybrid drives can be by means of a ( automatically operated ) coupling between parallel and serial operation switch. As a second energy storage batteries are mostly used.
Bivalent drives
Bivalent drives are able to burn two different fuels into an engine; but they are not hybrid vehicles. Motivation is the use of alternative fuels such as natural gas, biogas, LPG and future hydrogen in vehicles that can continue to drive with gasoline, or drive with the alternative fuel vegetable oil in diesel vehicles, which do not always allow a cold start with vegetable oil. Widely used is mainly the installation of LPG systems.
Bivalent engines have a serious drawback in addition to the described advantages: Many characteristics of the engine can not be optimally designed for both fuels. Is it in the setting of a needs-based ignition timing still possible to achieve this through the digital engine electronics, can be, for example, basic geometric data of the motor such as stroke, bore, compression volume and compression ratio does not change during operation, so always display this data a compromise solution and never can be designed with optimal consumption.
Muscle power and electric drive
Electric bikes are bikes with an additional electric motor, which are variably driven by muscle power and an electric motor; they have parallel hybrid drives. Some drive systems allow recovery of braking energy.
A parallel hybrid drive system consisting of an electric motor and a pedal drive, there is even in a light vehicle, the TWIKE.
From a series hybrid drive is when the pedal drive only drives a generator which drives an electric motor or the electric current caches in an accumulator.
Hybrid
Hybrid buses are used by different transport companies in North America and Europe. With the hybrid bus Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid unveiled in 2006, the first European bus with standard hybrid technology, Solaris Bus & Coach.
Duo - bus
Vehicles, but regardless can operate with a diesel engine, both as a trolley bus with electrical power from an overhead line or be called duo - buses. They correspond to a strict interpretation not the UN definition for hybrid vehicles because they do not carry the electrical energy itself. Be used with a cart, for example, when trolley Fribourg in Switzerland and the trolleybus Boston in the United States.
In addition, many trolleybuses have an additional auxiliary diesel drive to overcome electroless points and to be able to maneuver in the depot area. As an alternative for the same purpose and accumulators are incorporated, in this case one speaks of a Batterienotfahrt. Since the auxiliary drive allows only a slow locomotion, trolleybuses are not numbered auxiliary drive as a duo - buses.
Rail vehicles
Diesel-electric rail vehicles and multi-system vehicles that can be operated in different networks, no hybrid vehicles defined by the UN, as they have only one or no energy storage on board. Diesel-electric locomotives with powerful electric buffers that result in certain situations to significantly improve performance and save recovered braking energy to drive later, but are available from Rail Power and GE. JR East plans to combine fuel cells with lithium batteries and tested successfully in 2003 a hybrid diesel- electric-powered railcars. These are serial hybrid drive.
On the Westfrankenbahn one equipped with a hybrid drive vehicle of Class 642 will be used from the end of 2012.
Bimodal rail vehicles
Locomotives and railcars that both electrified networks ( from the overhead line or conductor rail ) and can operate independently from that, in a strict interpretation of the UN definition no hybrid cars, since they do not carry the electrical energy itself. The classical name for these locomotives has dual power locomotive or two power railcars.
In addition, there are vehicles that can get their electric drive energy both from an overhead line as well as from a generator driven by a diesel engine, especially in the tram area. As an example, here are the cars of the type called Siemens Combino Duo tram Nordhausen and Alstom RegioCitadis of RegioTram Kassel, in addition, there are other vehicles in other transport operations especially as work vehicles.
Watercraft
Combustion engine and electric drive
Even vessels are often diesel-electric drive, without electrical energy storage or as a hybrid with batteries. The Dutch Halve Maen or City Supplier are powered by solar panels and diesel-electric, electric motors can also be fed exclusively from the built-in batteries.
Combustion engine and wind power
Another hybrid form are ships that use both the driving force of engines as well as wind energy.
- A recent example is the fully automated towing kite of the company SkySails in addition to the marine diesel. A system that is being tested by the Bremen -based Beluga Group.
- A further example is the Flettner rotor, as it uses the wind turbine manufacturer Enercon in his transport ship E-Ship.
- In the 1980s, experimented a Japanese shipping company with 17 cargo ships, which were equipped with auxiliary sails made of aluminum.
In all cases, fuel is to be saved.
Historic combination: Internal combustion engine and steam engine
- See diesel locomotive ( Soviet Union, 1930 )
Historic combination: Wind power and steam engine
Robert Fulton's 1807 -built steamer North River Steam Boat ( commonly called by later generations Clermont ) was also fitted with sails. For decades, the steamer hybrid vehicles, which still possessed classic sailing. It was only in 1889 constructed the Alexander Carlisle (later chief designer of the Olympic - class) 20 knots fast White Star liner Teutonic was provided to the first ocean-going steamer without any sails into service.
U- boot drive
Submarines are traditionally powered by a hybrid engine from diesel engines, lead-acid batteries and electric motors. A special hybrid drive is installed in the submarine class 212 and the Spanish S-80 class, it also integrates a hydrogen fuel cell system.
Aircraft with mixed drive
Construction
In Construction example, there are hybrid electric drives with electric machine depending on the situation operates as a motor or generator, an accumulator for intermediate storage of electrical energy and the power electronics, as well as the conventional units such as gears, hydraulic system and diesel engine.
Engineering
In mechanical engineering, there are many hybrid drives, such as the high-load Präzisionsversteller with hybrid drive, which combines piezo actuator and spindle drive and thus allows long traverse with accuracy in the nanometer range.