Hyoscyamus
Black Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger)
The Henbane herb ( Hyoscyamus ) constitute a genus of herbaceous plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae ). The genus has about 23 species. Some species, like the black henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger) Hyoscyamus muticus or, have long been used because of the alkaloids contained both as a medicine and as an intoxicant.
- 4.1 Notes and references
- 4.2 Literature
Description
Vegetative characteristics
Bilsen herbs are annuals, biennial or perennial herbaceous, ascending or prostrate plants with a height of (3 to ) 10 to 80 (up to 150 ) cm. The root is thickened beet -like at the short-lived species. The perennial species have a longer -headed, sometimes woody or fleshy rhizome. They are usually covered with unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs or fluff, but there are also hairless representative.
The ovate - oblong, elliptic or ovate - rhombic leaves are ( 0.8 ) 2-20 ( 30 ) cm long, toothed or lobed, rarely also slashed. Occasionally, they form a rosette, usually the upper leaves are constantly stalk, sitting, sometimes amplexicaul, while the lower part or even all the leaves on 1.2 to 5.0 cm long petioles are.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are sitting or standing on short, 5 to 10 mm long pedicles, as an exception also occur up to 50 mm long flower stems on. The lower flowers are single in the leaf axils, the upper petals form a dense, leafy, grapes or spike -like, zymösen inflorescence.
The calyx of five petals (6 to) 10 to 16 ( to 28) mm long, tubular and bell-shaped, urn -shaped, inverted - cone- shaped or rarely cup-shaped, the edge is serrated or lobed. The corolla tube of zygomorphen crown as long as or up to 2.5 times longer than the calyx, the crown is 8 to 15, rarely up to 20 mm long, or, in exceptional cases up to 45, even more rarely to 50 mm long. The color is golden yellow, yellowish white, dirty purple or whitish, traversed in part by a dark net of the Vein. The Corolla lobe are unevenly sized, short and rounded.
The reproductive organs of the flower are protruding or slightly protruding, the stamens uneven, the bottom half is hairy, usually grown in the middle or slightly above the middle of the corolla tube with this. Containing 2.9 to 3.8 mm long dust bag are attached to the back and substantially shorter than the filaments. The medium sized ( 37 to 42 microns ) or large ( 67.5 to 73.5 microns ) large pollen grains are nearly spherical, and possess a threefold grooved exine (pollen grain wall). The nectaries are not or only cryptically present, the style is filiform, glabrous or finely hairy, the scar is shaped head, wet and papillate.
Fruit and seeds
The fruit is a Pyxidium called special shape of the capsule fruit oblong-shaped, (5 to ) magnify 9 to 15 mm long and full of himself, then urn shaped to inverted - cone-shaped and ( 1 ) 2-4 cm large cup is enclosed. In exceptional cases, the sepals are bent back so that the fruit is not necessarily completely enclosed by the calyx. The capsule cap is pointed, strongly convex, convex or flat, the capsule contains between 200 and 500 seeds. These are usually ( 0.8 ) 1.1 to 1.5 ( to 1.8 ) mm long, just the way Hyoscyamus turcomanicus has larger seeds 2.4 to 2.9 mm.
Chromosome number and the ingredients
So far at least seven of the 23 known types have been studied in terms of their karyotype, wherein a chromosome base number of x = 14 or x = 17 was determined.
Some species of the genus contain the alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine. In the manner of Black Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger) were also found two types of withanolides.
Occurrence and Habitat
Types of Bilsen herbs originate in Europe, in North Africa to China and India, the Canary Islands and Madeira, respectively. As entrained plant some species occur in the northern U.S. and Canada as well as Australia. Often the plants are to be found in landfills and roads, in the Atlas Mountains at elevations up to 2000 m in the Himalayas in up to 3000 m altitude.
System
Within the genus about 23 species are distinguished, which are divided into different subgenera, sections, subsections or series depending on the author. The system presented here follows. The following species belong to it (selection):
- Section Hyoscyamus
- Under section Hyoscyamus
- Hyoscyamus reticulatus L.: The home is West Asia and the Caucasus
- Hyoscyamus pojarkovae Schönb. -Tem. It comes in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Egypt before
- Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm. It occurs in Syria
- Hyoscyamus leucanthera Bornm. & Gauba: It occurs in Iran
- Hyoscyamus afghanicus Pojark. It occurs in Afghanistan
- Hyoscyamus multicaulis Rech.f. & Edelb. It occurs in Afghanistan
- Hyoscyamus squarrosus. Handle: The homeland is Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Pakistan
- Hyoscyamus kotschyanus Pojark. The home is Iran
- Hyoscyamus arachnoideus Pojark. The home is Iran
- Hyoscyamus turcomanicus Pojark. The home is Southwest Asia
- Black Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger L.): The home is Europe, North Africa and Asia
- Under section Pusilli
- Hyoscyamus pusillus L.: The home is Asia, Russia and Egypt
- Under section Adictyi
- White Henbane ( Hyoscyamus albus L.): The home is South and South-East Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia and Western Asia
- Hyoscyamus cylindrocalyx Rech f: The home is Southwest Asia
- Hyoscyamus desertorum ( Asch. ex Boiss. ) Täckh. The home is Egypt, the Sinai peninsula, Israel and Jordan
- Section Chamaehyoscyamus
- Hyoscyamus aureus L.: The home is Egypt and West Asia; it is naturalized in Crete
- Hyoscyamus senecionis Willd.
- Section Pumilio
- Hyoscyamus leptocalyx Stapf ex Bornm. It comes in Turkey
- Hyoscyamus longepedunculatus CCTowns. The home is Iraq.
- Hyoscyamus orthocarpus Schönb. -Tem. The home is Iran
- Egyptian henbane ( Hyoscyamus muticus L.): The home is the northern Africa and the Middle East
- Hyoscyamus falezlez Coss. ( subsp as subspecies falezlez ( Coss. ) Maire Hyoscyamus muticus asked to. ): The home is Africa
- Hyoscyamus nutans Schönb. -Tem. The home is Iran
- Hyoscyamus rosularis Schönb. -Tem. The home is Iran
- Hyoscyamus tenuicaulis Schönb. -Tem. The home is Iran
- Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks: The homeland is Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran.