Hyphen

The quarter em dash (-) is a glyph that graphically represents a fourth em long horizontal line that varies in stroke thickness depending on the font.

Sometimes understood as including the glyph reproducing typographical characters (including Letter), the traditional or modern means Divis hyphen in German and is correctly set to write orthographic characters such as hyphen, hyphen and hyphen; in English and therefore in Unicode it means hyphae.

For works typographical claim is paid to proper punctuation and incorrect characters are replaced. (-) In everyday life, however, the hyphen -minus instead is almost always set, since, in contrast to the Divis is located directly on the keyboard.

2.1 hyphen
2.2 hyphen -minus
2.3 Protected hyphen
2.4 Soft hyphen
2.5 Example

Use

Hyphen

The hyphen is a character that is used when writing to either the connection or the structure of words.

Spelling Rules

In the following cases, the sensible application of the hyphen is only obtained from the context or depends on the intention of the writer ( cf. Official Spelling Rules. )

Word structure

In general, the hyphen is used to divide words that were written together too confusing. This applies to the following cases to:

Vehicle registration
Dipl. -Ing.
Long-life milk
I- point
100 percent
15 ° meridian

The either- or
The On - the - long - banking Slide

German -Polish border
Manic-depressive behavior

S- Bahn cars
S- curves - rich

Head-to -head race
3 -room apartment
Ear, nose and throat doctor
Service Center Associate

Ms Müller- Weber
The Baker Anna
Furniture -Schmidt

Rhineland -Palatinate
Neukirchen

Makeup
Stand-by

Use with alternative spellings

In other cases, it is up to the writer whether he holds a composition so complex, that it should be divided by hyphens:

Print product counterproductive Printer testimony
On-site supervision contrasting on-site consulting

Re-integrate
Life -Au

Workers' Accident Insurance Act
Ultrasonic meter

Capstone next capstone (see unreformed: keystone )
Tea harvest next tea harvest
Sanaa Eel next Sanaaaal
Accident accident Lloyd Lloyd next

Midlife crisis midlife crisis next
Sci-fi in addition to Science Fiction

Highlighting of word components

Furthermore, the hyphen to emphasize individual components can serve, for example,

Target strength
After thinking
To take hold
Zer - one

Alternative uses

Spaces in compound words

→ Photo Gallery: spaces in compound words on Commons

In general, to observe an increasing tendency in German, to separate parts of words. First hyphens were used to the limits of the existing rules and beyond. A noncompliant use of the hyphen is partially pejoratively called " Depp hyphen " (for example "Herb Encyclopedia " instead of " Herb Encyclopedia "). Have hyphens in short words (eg " Election Victory" ) no function; in compositions of two compound words (eg, " naval cadets exam pear" ) can improve readability.

Meanwhile, the hyphens are omitted more frequently; then enters a space in their place. Especially in advertising can be seen not only at line breaks often that is standard retardant used instead of the hyphen, or coupled together a space ( for example, " sugar cube ", " vacuum packaging "). This does not reflect the prevailing rules of German orthography and can complicate the understanding of the text. For this was - among other things by the columnists Bastian Sick - the term " Depp blank " was coined.

Plenks

False are also spaces before punctuation or after the hyphen ( for example, " Incorrect - Presentation", "This is a sentence " ). For these spaces themselves (space of Engl. Blank, ), which were originally jocular name " Plenk " established.

Word combinations from various languages

Multilingual word combinations are becoming increasingly popular due to (for example, English - German combinations related to the Internet). The use of the hyphen or indent ( " hyphen" ) in the German and English language but is generally different, which practical problems can arise. An example is the English " online address" what in German as " online address" ( or "Online Address" (?) ) Would translate. A useful tip: You can mix these and similar combinations and the related problems easily bypass by using obvious alternative formulations.

Hyphen

The hyphen (also: hyphen or text hyphen ) is used in the text sentence in word separation at the end of the line. Fits a word no longer completely in a row, after a certain break point through the separation rules and a hyphen, the line breaks. This is done for economic reasons ( better use of space ) and for aesthetic reasons ( the page or column is uniformly filled ).

To implement in word processing, see below.

Hyphen

The hyphen indicates that in compositions or discharges a bullet an equal part was omitted, which is supplemented appropriately.

Examples:

Main and side entrance
Traffic control and monitoring
Machine tool import and export transactions, sunrise and sunset

Is also permitted:

Laser beam melting, burning - and - sublimation, so the supplement before and after the word element

Repeat sign

In printed telephone directories of the quarter em dash is the abbreviation characters for the address component - road or road frequently used. The underpass characters by name is reproduced here for better differentiation instead of the quarter with an em dash en dash. Address components such as path, space, etc., are not abbreviated.

Example:

Achim Müller Frankfurt -56 (without spaces) - Eva Frankfurt -61 (instead of: Frankfurter Straße 61 ) - Hermann Hochwald -20 (instead of: Hochwaldstraße 20) - Willi Bierweg 4 ( to distinguish clearly spelled out) other Features

Sometimes nouns adjuncts are appended with a quarter of an em dash, which determine the output word closer. For example, ask people who have a very common family name, often as before: Meier -Oldenburg.
To save to repeat the parent keywords in lists: see underpass characters
In a URI ( as a hyphen - minus, see below): " http://www.initial-nachname.dd "

Implementation in computer systems

For presentation of the quarter square stroke because of its diverse functions and historical causes are a number of characters:

Hyphen

The typographically correct character for the hyphen is the Divis, Unicode U 2010 " hyphae " (-), which represented a quarter em dash graphically. In HTML, there is no Name register sign, so it must be specified numerically ( - or -). The character U 2010 always means that after this point, a line break may be redeemed. Is this to be excluded, the proof must dash U 2011 be used, which should have identical typographic design imperative. In many systems, word processing, a character U 2010 is added for automatic hyphenation in the text spontaneously, so that the user entered hyphens ( ASCII) can be distinguished from the temporarily inserted hyphens, and the related word can be reconstructed.

In the older ASCII character set and the character sets of ISO 8859 family of standards, the sign is not included; on computer keyboards, it is usually not available, instead the hyphen -minus is used ( ASCII 0x2D, Unicode U 002 D), which has established itself as a common character for hyphen indent, indent, minus sign and number line, was not used as Unicode.

In many typefaces (fonts ) is the encoding of U 2010 so far not been established. Therefore, it can be used on web pages to display problems when unknown reader and U 2010 should rather not be used in HTML; here the optically hardly distinguishable or even geometrically identical ASCII is all it takes. Within the own system, the fonts are under control and the use is not a problem.

Hyphen -minus

The hyphen - minus (- ) is similar to a quarter of an em dash (-) and en dash ( - ) and the minus sign (-) and was established with the introduction of the typewriter. It represents a compromise in order to save by reducing the number of keys you need mechanical components. It is these lines and their functions used by most users for all, since they are the different meanings, but also the methods used to generate the other strokes unknown or too complex. In many fonts the hyphen -minus is represented by a quarter em dash, so the corresponding optically Divis.

The key - is on German keyboards with QWERTY key assignment between the dot key. and the right Shift ⇧. Also perceived as minus key on the numeric keypad of keyboards is the hyphen -minus.

Since the hyphen -minus is interpreted by most programs as a possible location for a line break, it may come from its use formatting problems. Therefore, it should not happen in a clean text set, but instead are used depending on the meaning and context of the typographically correct character. However, it should be limited to the case that the document is displayed and printed under its control; in the publication on the internet on unknown systems can cause problems otherwise very fact.

For indents and indents the hyphen -minus is often used twice consecutively with no space in between, but this is often regarded as a typographic sin. This procedure should only be used as an input aid, provided that an automatic character correction is initiated, which replaces these two characters with an en dash.

The hyphen -minus is in the ASCII character set, the character sets of the regulations ISO 8859 and also in the Unicode UTF -8 as the " Hyphen - minus" the code 45 (decimal) or 2D ( hex) and can numerically in HTML than - or - be specified.

In the first German implementation of the ASCII code or the ISO/R646-1967 in the DIN 66003 of 1968, the character is still called unique "Minus" - to electronic " word processing " (and thus the hyphen) in calculators at that time was even less thought. Nevertheless, the ASCII code originated as picture existing on a mechanical typewriter characters.

Protected hyphen

The protected hyphen is a quarter em dash, which is not interpreted in contrast to the hyphen -minus as a possible location of a line break, but like a letter is treated.

Soft hyphen

The soft hyphen specifies a separation point within a word, where a line break is allowed. If the word is wrapped, a hyphen or quarter em dash appears there at the end of the line. If the word does not wrap, the soft hyphen remains invisible in the output.

Example

( The text does not use the character described, but only to demonstrate its effect. )

Full stop Colon (punctuation) Question mark Apostrophe Backslash Dash#Em dash Dash#Common dashes Asterism (typography) Irony punctuation Tilde Proper noun Adverb North German Automobile and Engine Mechanics

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