Immigration Act of 1903

Anarchist Exclusion Act ( German about: Anarchist Exclusion Act) refers to two laws, which were adopted by the United States Congress from 1901 to 1918 in order to prevent any person who represented anarchist ideas at the entry to the U.S..

The Act of 1901

The first Anarchist Exclusion Act, An Act To regulate official name of the immigration of aliens into the United States ( German as:. An Act to regulate the immigration of aliens into the United States, ch 1012) was the 57th United States Congress adopted at its last sitting on 31 March 1903, renewed on 29 June 1906, shortly after the assassination of U.S. President William McKinley, which was performed by Leon Czolgosz. Czolgosz was, paradoxically, not immigrants, but a US-born son of Polish immigrants. The then President Theodore Roosevelt called this law by Congress in order to be inquired persons entering in terms of their political beliefs can. The Anarchist Exclusion Act was the first immigration law since the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which aimed to political views. This should be prevented especially in immigration,

"Who doubts any organized government or opposed to it; or who is a member of any organization or any such affiliated group which teaches or maintains with respect to any organized government doubts or opposition. "

Right after a held by the Scottish anarchist John Turner speech at the Murray Hill Lyceum this was arrested by the immigration office. With him a copy of Johann Most free society and on his speech manuscript was found a reminder passage to the Haymarket martyrs. This was enough evidence to deport him. Immediately after this event organized Emma Goldman a club for free speech to challenge the deportation and won Clarence Darrow and Edgar Lee Masters for Turner's defense. After Goldman had in the Cooper Union organized a gathering of those who faced deportation critical, the New York Times published an editorial supportive of the law and the deportation of Turner. They called the people who had attended the meeting as " ignorant and half-crazy dreamer " and proclaimed that it was the law of the land " in the opinion of Congress and many, probably most Americans makes this a duty to exclude him "

Darrow and Masters Turner defended before the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the law of the Constitution contradicts Turner and a " philosophical anarchist " and therefore is not a threat to the government. The court ruled against Turner and Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller wrote the majority opinion, according to which he pointed out that the " Bill of Rights " does not apply to foreigners and the Congress have the right to refuse any entry, they held that a state threat. Turner was the first person deported under the Act.

The following year, 7994 people were refused entry, including one who was accused of being an anarchist.

The 1918

The second law, also known as the Immigration Act of October 16, 1918, ch. 186 was adopted on 16 October 1918. It specified,

" That aliens who are anarchists; Foreigners who think or advocate overthrowing the government of the United States or all forms of law by means of force or violence; Foreigners who do not support organized government or in opposition to it; Foreigners teach the murder of officials or advocate; Foreigners teach the unlawful destruction of property or advocate; Foreigners who are members of an organization or associated with such a who support, teach or advocate overthrowing the government of the United States or all forms of law by means of coercion or force an assumption, or a duty, necessity or correctness of the unlawful attack or the murder of police officers, in as specific individuals or as a group, the Government of the United States or any other organized government, because of his or her nature, accepts or approves, or endorses any of the unlawful destruction of property or teaches from the entry the United States are excluded. "

1919 reported the New York Times that the tax year 1918 two people " were excluded from the United States " and " 37 were deported after they were found illegally in this country."

Among those affected by the law were some better-known anarchists such as Luigi Galleani and some of his followers, who were responsible for a series of deadly bombings of 1919 and the 1919 and 1920 had reached a climax. Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, who lived at that time in the U.S., were also banned under the law.

Having been arrested more than 4,000 alleged communists and provided for the deportation, the Ministry of Labour refused to deport the mass of them, whereupon the Minister of Labor William B. Wilson was threatened for refusing to face charges. A total of 556 persons were deported to the Anarchist Exclusion Act. It was revoked in 1952.

Literary reception

Vladimir Nabokov was to land with the ship in the United States in his novel " Timofey Pnin " the eponymous main character of 1940. Upon entry, the customs officer asks him if he is an anarchist. The "practical, metaphysical, theoretical, mystical, abstract, individual or social"? asks the main character - a young age have all had meaning for him. The tax collector shall forthwith incarcerated the harmless scholar two weeks on Ellis Iceland.