Indian logic

As Indian logic is referred to in the narrower sense, the system of logic that one of the six schools of Indian philosophy is ( Nyaya ). In a broader sense, one counts the Buddhist and the Jain logic to it. It provides all the teachings of the logic Indian scholar represents the Indian logic applies not only to the Greek logic and logic of Chinese as one of the three traditional logics.

Origins

The history of Indian logic includes more than 23 centuries. In the 6th century BC Medhatithi Gautama founded the Anviksiki as a school of logic. The Mahabharata of Buddhists relies both on Anviksiki and the Tarka as a logical instance. The Sanskrit grammarian Panini developed a set of regulations for the Sanskrit, which has some similarities with the logic of George Boole, in order to formulate the grammar of their language. Furthermore, the Indian logic was influenced by the philosophical system of Vaisheshika, the deductive analysis of Gautama Rishi and in the Tetralemma of Nagarjuna. The 129th hymn of the 10th circle of the Rigveda, the Nasadiya Sukta contains ontological speculation in which various logical divisions can be performed, which were converted later to the judgment square of catuskoti: " A", " not A", " A and not A " as well as" not A and not A ". In the Arthashastra, Chanakya describes (from 350-283 BC) logic as an independent from the audit of the Anviksiki field.

Vaisheshika

The Vaisheshika is one of the six Hindu schools of Indian philosophy. It is closely associated with the Hindu school of logic of the Nyaya. The Vaisheshika represents an atomistic point of view and postulated that all physical objects are decomposable into a finite number of atoms in the universe. Originally it was proposed by Canada in the 2nd century BC.

Tetralemma

In the 2nd century, the Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna developed the logical form of Tetralemma, which is also known as Catuskoli.

Nyaya

Nyaya is one of the six orthodox systems of Indian philosophy, particularly the school of logic. The Nyaya is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutra and have been written by Gautama Rishi in the 2nd century AD. The most important contribution to Indian logic is its teaching method. This method is due to its logical system, which has been adopted by almost all other Indian schools. It behaves similarly to the Aristotelian logic which has influenced Western science and philosophy prevail. Followers of Nyana believe that achieving valid knowledge is the only way to achieve liberation from suffering. Therefore, they take great pains upon themselves to identify valid sources of knowledge and to distinguish them from mere false opinions. According to the school of Nyana, there are four sources of knowledge ( pramana ): the perception ( pratyaksa ), the conclusion ( anumana ), comparison ( upamana ) and verbal communication ( shabda ). Out of them related knowledge claims can be either valid or invalid, of course, yet. In response, many scholars of Nyaya went again the painstaking way to identify what makes knowledge claims valid. During this process, they created some explanatory systems.

Logic of Jainism

Jainism provided a unique contribution to the development of logic, since it dealt with epistemological problems, namely with regard to the nature of knowledge, how knowledge can be acquired and how you can say that knowledge claims are reliable. The Jain logic had its heyday between the 6th century BC to the 17th century. Referring to Jains, the ultimate principle should always be logical. No principle should be without any logic and reasoning.

Thus one finds in some Jain texts advisory encouragement for each subject in all its properties, they are building or obstructive, inferential or analytical, enlightening or harmful. This Jains come with their relativistic faith tenets, which are used for the logic and evidence.

• Anekantavada - The theory of relative pluralism or diversity;
• Syadvada - The theory of dependent claim and;
• Nayavada - The theory of partial standpoints.

These Jain philosophical concepts include important contributions of the ancient Indian philosophy, particularly in the areas of skepticism and relativism.

The following list includes philosophers of Jainism, who contributed to the logic of Jainism:

• Kundakunda (2nd century AD); Representatives of Jain mysticism and Anekantavada, a doctrine which deals with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter.
• Umasvati ( 2nd century AD ); Author of the first Jain work, the Tattvarthasutra. He puts the Jain philosophy and Jain sects, all in systematized form dar. properly
• Siddhasen Diwakar (5th century AD); Jain logician and author of several works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, which explain the Jain point of view, the knowledge and the objects of knowledge.
• Haribhadra ( 8th century AD ); a Jain thinker, author and great supporter of the Anekantavada and classical yoga as a soteriological system in jainistischem context.
• Hemachandra (1089-1172 AD); a Jain thinker, author, historian, grammarian and logician.
• Yashovijaya (1624-1688 AD); Logician who is considered the last intellectuals Jain philosophy.

Buddhist logic

The Buddhist logic is called Pramana and flourished 500-1300 AD. When the three main authors of the Pramana be considered Vasubandhu, and Dharmakirti Dignaga. The doctrine of Trairupya (Sanskrit त्रैरूप्य ) and the formal system of Hetuchakra (Sanskrit हेतुचक्र ) as the most important theoretical achievements are considered. Nevertheless, still a living tradition of Buddhist logic and Tibetan Buddhist traditions has been preserved since the logic is an important part of the training of the monks.

Navya - Nyaya

The Navya - Nyaya or the new logical school of Indian philosophy was founded in the 13th century by the Indian philosopher Gangesha Upadhyaya. She was an evolution of the classical school of Nyaya. The school was also of the work of earlier philosophers Vachaspati Mishra affected ( 900-980 AD) and Udayana ( late 10th century). Gangeshas Tattvachintamani book was partly written in response to the work of the Khandanakhandakhadya Shriharsha, a defense of the Advaita Vedanta, which criticized among others, the theories of Nyaya concerning the thought and the language thoroughly. Gangesha examined the critique of Shriharsha at the Nyaya self-critical. He succeeded where Shriharsha failed to doubt the realistic ontology thoroughly. Both criticism but showed that the logical and linguistic tools of Nyana in need of improvement in order to make this precise. The Tattvachintamani deals with all important aspects of Indian philosophy, logic, set theory, and especially the epistemology that was explicitly investigated by Gangeśa. He developed and extended the schema of the Nyaya. The results, especially his analysis of knowledge have been taken up by later members of the school. The Navya - Nyaya developed a sophisticated language and a conceptual scheme that makes it possible to analyze logical and epistemological problems and solve them. It systematizes all the concepts of the Nyaya into four main categories: sense or perception ( pratyaksa ) Conclusion ( anumana ), comparison or similarity ( upamana ) and verbal communication ( shabda ).

Influence of Indian logic on modern logic

In the late 18th century British scholars began to take an interest in Indian philosophy and discovered the sophistication of the Indian investigation of evidence and culminated in Henry Thomas Colebrooke's The Philosophy of the Hindus: On the Nyaya and Vaisesika system from 1924 that an analysis of the evidence and opposition to the Aristotelian logic includes. The book resulted in the observation that the Aristotelian syllogisms are not of importance for the Indian syllogisms. Mathematicians today are aware of the influence of Indian mathematics on the European. Hermann Weyl, for example, wrote: "The Western mathematics broke in the last few centuries with the Greek view and followed a course which apparently arose in India and which was charged with additions to the Arabs, sent; in it the concept of numbers appear as a logical precondition of the concepts of geometry. " ( Weyl 1929)

As the two most important explorers of Indian logic in the 20th century are Feodor I Schtscherbatskoi and Satichandra Vidyabhushana