Intel 4004
The Intel 4004 is a 4 -bit microprocessor of the microchip manufacturer Intel, who came on 15 November 1971 the market. He is considered the first single-chip microprocessor, which was driven in series produced and the free market. Usually he is also referred to as the first microprocessor at all, which is not correct but since at Texas Instruments in 1968, a microprocessor was developed as a commission, but never went into production.
Today, the 4004 is one of the most sought-after objects for chip collectors. The least common is the C4004 in white ceramic with gold cap and visible traces.
Development
The Intel 4004 was initially given already in 1969 by the Japanese company Busicom for novel and high-quality calculators at Intel in order. Busicom already had a lot of experience with electronic computers, but was looking for a partner who could integrate the semiconductor even closer on a chip. Intel was one of the manufacturer with the largest available integration density. The first model with an Intel microprocessor was the Busicom 141- PF.
Intel employees Ted Hoff formulated in 1969 the architectural idea, but did not participate in the development of the first microprocessor. Federico Faggin in 1970, after he left Fairchild ( where he had in 1968 developed the original technology for silicon gate connecting the microprocessor only allowed ), employed by Intel, to oversee the development and design of the 4004. Faggin was very familiar with computer architecture, for he had participated in the project of a small electronic computer at the company Olivetti in 1961 in Italy. Once he joined Intel, Faggin developed a new design method with silicon gates, which he used for the 4004 and for all the early Intel microprocessors ( 8008, 4040, 8080 ). He also introduced several design innovations that were very important for the success of the project. Masatoshi Shima of Busicom came, assisted Faggin during the development of the project and wrote the software for the Busicom Calculator. Faggin founded in 1974 Zilog, the first company in the world, which adopted solely of the microprocessor, and created the architecture of the Z80. Shima joined Zilog Z80 and developed the Faggins under supervision.
Properties
The design was based on the experience with other CPUs that time and initially saw four individual blocks:
- 4001, a 2048 -bit ROM ( addresses 256 in 8-bit instructions ) with a 4 -bit output port
- 4002, 80 × 4-bit RAM data memory with a 4-Bit-I/O-Port; the RAM area of the chip is organized into four " registers " to 20 × 4 bits: 16 data words (in the original calculator design for the digital display of the mantissa )
- 4 status words (in the original calculator design for the digital display of the exponent and the sign)
Although the data bus of the Intel 4004 was a 4- bit wide, the instruction width was 8 bit. The processor had 16 4-bit register (or 8 with 8-bit) as well as a CALL and RET instruction for subroutine calls, with a stack of up to four return addresses.
Intel later bought back the rights to the design of the Intel 4004 for $ 60,000 by Busicom, which still should prove to be a brilliant move. Of 4040 1974 was produced, which offered 14 additional commands, eight return addresses and a larger address space (8 Kbps ).
For years, the rumor holds that the i4004 in the space probes Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 was used. But that was never the case. The technical design of the spacecraft has been established in February 1969 and used only by this time items. The Intel 4004 but was not invented until four months before the launch of Pioneer 10.
To the 35th anniversary of the 4004 exhibition " Intel Museum " was opened near the company's headquarters in November 2006 in Santa Clara. Intel has rebuilt a 4004 out of 2300 discrete transistors on a scale of 130:1 in the course of which. The fully functional model processed for demonstration programs from the year 1971.
Specifications
- Production: initially 2 " wafer then 3" wafer, 5 Layer
- Technology: PMOS
- Structure Width: 10 microns
- Number of transistors: 2300
- Clock frequency: 500-740 kHz
- Cycles per instruction: 8
- Data address space ( Harvard architecture ): 5120 bit
- Number of instructions: 46
- Type: 16 pin dual in - line package (DIP)
The sales started on 15 November 1971. The design was replaced by the Intel 4040 in 1974. The processor was produced until 1981. The schematics were on 15 November 2006 - 35 years after a product is released by Intel - released for non-commercial use.
Trivia
On 12 December 2011, the 4004 Robert Noyce's 84th birthday appeared as a Google Doodle.
Original documents relating to the 4004
- The title page of the IEDM ( International Electron Devices Meeting - 1968) program The silicon gate technology ( SGT ) was first described by its developer Federico Faggin, the IEDM on October 23, 1968 in Washington, DC, presented during. SGT later enabled the Intel microprocessor design.
- The title page of the journal " Electronics " 29 September 1969 shows the Fairchild 3708 the first commercial integrated circuit using the silicon gate technology. The Fairchild 3708 was designed by Federico Faggin in 1968 at Fairchild.
- The initials F.F. to 4004 Federico Faggin, the designer of the CPU and other memory chips ( 1970-1971 )
- Prototype of the Busicom calculator in the development stage - 1971 ( A Gift of Federico Faggin to the Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California) The catalog of CHM collection shows images of the prototype of the Busicom 141- PF calculator in the development stage, which had built the first microprocessor, has ever produced. This unique piece was a gift from Busicom President Yoshio Kojima to Federico Faggin, due to its successful line in the design and development of the 4004 and three other store as well as the I / O chips ( the MCS -4 chipset). After 25 years of keeping it Faggin donated in 1996 to the CHM.
- F. Faggin and ME Hoff: "Standard parts and custom design merge in four- chip processor kit". Electronics / April 24, 1972, pp. 112-116
- F. Faggin, M. Shima, ME Hoff, Jr., H. Feeney, S. Mazor: "The MCS -4 An LSI micro computer system". IEEE Region Six Conference '72