Interlinguistics

The Inter linguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics and deals with aspects of communication between speakers of different languages ​​, ways of its improvement plan and international languages.

Designations

The term interlinguistics first appeared as a French variant interlinguistique in 1911 in an edited by Jules Meysmans magazine. The term, referring to international plan languages. These are consciously created languages ​​which are to serve as a rule of facilitating communication between Different speakers.

Of the numerous plan language projects - and there are constantly new ones - have played a role in only a few practice or play them today. The most successful constructed language Esperanto (1887, Ludwik Zamenhof Lejzer ). A certain distribution, even if temporary, had especially Volapük (1879, Johann Martin Schleyer ), Latino sine flexione (1903, Giuseppe Peano ), Ido (1907, Louis Couturat ), Occidental - Interlingue (1922, Edgar de Wahl ) and Interlingua (1951, IALA and Alexander Gode ). Here also the Blissymbols (1949, Charles K. Bliss ) are mentioned, which won importance in a country other than the originally intended field, namely as a tool for people who are not or only to a very limited speech-enabled due to motor or cognitive disabilities.

Subject of interlinguistics

The formed elements of the Latin word interlinguistics invites for its Morphemstruktur to designate two areas of knowledge:

• / interlingua / / istics /: Science of the inter- lingual, ie the languages ​​that serve the communication between Different speakers.

• ( / inter / / linguae / ) istics: science of what happens between the languages.

Among the languages ​​that are used primarily for communication between Different speakers, includes not only the plan constructed languages ​​, but also the spontaneously formed pidgin. In the following table, only one representative is called for each type.

Types of Interlinguae

For constructed languages ​​one often distinguishes between a priori and a posteriori. The a posteriori based on one or usually several source languages ​​, whereas this is not evident in the a priori, for example, the philosophical languages ​​of the 17th century, when Solresol and the logical languages ​​of the 20th century, as Loglan and Lojban. Spontaneous Interlinguae are consistently a posteriori or iconic ( with imaging or imitative characters).

Limited definitions

Some authors interpret the interlinguistics in a limited manner, with the spontaneously formed Interlinguae often disregarded. Here you can essentially distinguish three groups definition. Then would interlinguistics

According to some authors, the interlinguistics deals with ethnic languages ​​and planned languages ​​in their role as a world auxiliary language ( International Transport languages), as already Jules Meysmans and later Hermann Mount of Olives, Marcel Monnerot - Dumaine, Alexandr Duličenko, Sergei Kuznetsov and other known inter linguists. However, is the most widespread opinion that the interlinguistics exclusively engaged in planned languages ​​. One can differentiate between two variants, namely a constructive and descriptive plan Linguistics:

• The constructive plan Linguistics goes back to the English studies and inter linguist Otto Jespersen. He was of the opinion that one can find the criteria and basis for the construction of an ideal plan language by language comparison. According to this view is research with the aim to optimize the communication between Different speakers, a central concern of interlinguistics, the intended use area of ​​a corresponding diagram language (for example, globally or within a multilingual state ) plays an essential role. For Valter Tauli the interlinguistics is a part of language planning. The principles which he lays down for the language planning of national languages ​​, are also, but in thoroughgoing manner applicable to planned languages ​​. It is striking that these principles have counterparts in the Grice's maxims of conversation. The conversational maxims describe the functional design of discussion contributions, and to function well, a language must just be such that it allows a well designed interview.

• The descriptive plan linguistics looks less on the design of new posts languages ​​but rather the exploration of existing, their comparison and criticism as the main concern of interlinguistics. For Alicja Sakaguchi interlinguistics is the only plan linguistics. It distinguishes the "general" and "special" interlinguistics and defined as follows: " The general interlinguistics has to explore possible structures and benefits of planned languages ​​and their relations to natural language and other semiotic systems to the target. It mainly relates to theory. The special interlinguistics, however, deals with the description of individual languages ​​and the plan in these languages ​​may be available literature. It is primarily empirically based, descriptive ".

Still other authors are of the opinion that the interlinguistics addition to the funds and the international communication processes must explore their conditions and effects in all its aspects. Artur Bormann postulates a new independent interdisciplinary science. He demands that inter- linguistic research political, economic and other aspects, must consequently include the entire communication process, in their view. For him, " [ ... ] is the interlinguistics [ ... ] the branch of science that studies the general - political, cultural, sociological and linguistic issues of all people in international relations alike to use border common language, the international language, [ ... ]. " Bormann thinks of a science of the future, the branch of linguistics is not, but is intended to represent something new. If he is " the international language " writes that he thinks primarily a planned language.

Another group of Inter linguists, including Detlev Blanke, while also underscores the interdisciplinary aspect interlinguistic research, however, sees in this science a discipline of linguistics.

The international communication processes, their conditions and resources are highly influenced by many factors and can not be examined satisfactorily without interdisciplinary perspective. So it must be clarified, among other things, how effective international communication by ethnic languages ​​in the role of a lingua franca is or has been a political, economic, cultural and political, psychological, legal, technological, information policy, and other effects had such communication or has, what alternatives other means of communication, could, for example, plan languages ​​offer.

These are not the planned languages ​​or / and ethnic languages ​​in their role as a communication tool, the sole object of research, but it is the international communication in its entirety, with all its aspects. The plan language problem is due to historical reasons and as a modern alternative to this view, a major portion dar.

Divisions within the interlinguistics

The general interlinguistics examines the conditions for international linguistic communication with all its above-mentioned aspects. The special interlinguistics is (only ) plan linguistics with all its theoretical foundations, such as the exploration of the design criteria, structural principles, types, functions, practice and communication performance international plan, languages, and, if available, their linguistic communities.

The pure interlinguistics limited to theoretical aspects. The Inter applied linguistics applies interlinguistic findings in other areas of science. ( For example, they investigated the role of planned languages ​​as a preparation for learning foreign languages ​​, plan language as a machine - intermediate language for automatic translation and the like. )

Contrastive linguistics, linguistics of multilingualism, language contact research

Against the prevailing traditions of interlinguistics term research has been assigned to language contact and interference problems a interlinguistics in the 1960s. The biggest impact was in this respect the Romanist Mario Wandruszka, the, this term traditionally used in violation with interlinguistics related content for his own purposes. For him interlinguistics " [ ... ] the linguistics of multilingualism, language mixing and mixed languages ​​, the translation and the translation comparison, the conversation between the languages ​​in us".