Internalization

When internalization is referred to in the social sciences, particularly in sociology, the internalization of social values ​​, customs, norms and social roles in the context of socialization and education.

These include, for example, as standards: "Greeting morals " physical " cleanliness " in the public or the yet deemed unobtrusive duration of glances to strangers on public transport to legal standards. Values ​​can be: " democracy ," " free elections ", ethical values ​​such as " justice ", " solidarity " to " free competition ", " sanctity of property". Norms and values ​​represent in society is partly a heterogeneous and contradictory conglomerate that internalisation difficult.

In political science is called internalization, the integration of values ​​and norms in a system.

In psychoanalysis are called internalization, processes in which the subject transforms real or fantasized interactions with its environment into inner regulations and characteristics. These processes are the counterpart of the Externalisierungsprozesse and should be considered as complementary to them.

Cultural values

Values ​​in a society are an important orientation in each society; they are an outer guideline in which every individual must direct it wants to be accepted within a society. Values ​​and norms make demands of society to the individual dar. Cultural values ​​are represented in society as something " self-evident " and Universal. The analysis or even Anzweifelung of values ​​is often punished ( eg " lack of stable smell "). Proper observance of values ​​and norms is rewarded (eg, "That's one of us" ).

In the primary socialization within the family, the individual learns values ​​and norms ( a) to recognize ( which values ​​and standards are followed? ), ( B ) emotionally to accept and act ( c) thereafter. The successful internalization of values ​​and norms is in the secondary socialization achieved by the individual learns to deal reflectively with values ​​and standards: (a ) The scope of values ​​and norms is spatially and temporally limited and ( b) the claims of the Company may in contradiction with ethical principles as claims of conscience to the individual.

Solidarity

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was one of the first sociologists to answer the question of how the integration of the division of labor, individuals takes place. His answer was: There is a " solidarity cooperation ", a common awareness that not only includes values ​​and norms, but also beliefs and knowledge about the world. These ideas are internalized by the individual ( internalized ). The word " internalization " itself was coined later by Talcott Parsons in his structure- functional system theory and aims from there on the same facts as in Durkheim: integration of individuals through internalization of values ​​and norms.

Critical distance

Jürgen Habermas had already in the 1960s indicates that internalization is not only the learning of existing values ​​and norms - are subject to change - represents, but must be learned in socialization, as is reflexive deal with it: The " reflective judgment " of the individuals must be developed in the socialization process to (a ) ensure the autonomy of the individual within society, and ( b ) to take account of changes of the society.

Research today

Specifically examined today, as the mechanisms of internalization in the family, school, mass media and professional act. Different teaching of values ​​and norms not only in the institutions just mentioned, but also in different social classes and strata of migrants from different backgrounds and religious faiths ( Christians, Muslims, Jews, etc.) are taken into account. The results are not yet finally assessed.

Despite all the differences between the individuals, a society must make it possible to integrate the individuals ( Durkheim ) and reach a consensus on all sides split. Declining voter turnout, increasing crime and vandalism are social indicators of decreasing consensus in society.

Various polling organizations regularly publish hierarchies of values ​​that appear important to citizens: These range from " fight against crime" on " unemployment " and " environment", " climate change " to " peacekeeping " and "education". Clearly this is always the rapid changes that are subject to these hierarchies.