Italian Regency of Carnaro

The Italian regency on Quarnero (Italian: Reggenza Italiana del Carnaro ) (now Rijeka in Croatia) declared on September 8, 1920 by Gabriele D' Annunzio in Fiume. The Kvarner Bay (Italian: Golfo del Quarnero, also Quarnaro, Carnaro; Croatian: Kvarnerski zaljev ) in which the city is located, gave the state structure its name. The Italian regency on Quarnero remained without international recognition and has been replaced by the Free State of Fiume in December 1920.

History of the reign

After the signing of the Treaty of Saint Germain on 10 September 1919, the city on 12 September 1919, occupied by 2500 Italian irregulars, called the Arditi and parts of the regular army under the leadership of the Italian nationalists and writer Gabriele d'Annunzio, the Allied control Commission was expelled. D' Annunzio Fiume and wanted to secure environment for Italy before the indecisive Entente states would award the city of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The occupiers were hoping for an annexation of the territory of Fiume by Italy, but were disappointed. Italy imposed a blockade of the city and called on the guerrillas to the task.

D' Annunzio called the Italian reign of the Quarnero and gave the State Repubblica del Carnaro a Constitution that suggested many details of the later fascist system, but which also provided for revolutionary social reforms; including the legal recognition of trade unions, press freedom and the right to vote for women. It was here that symbols and rituals that were later adopted by Italian and German fascists: uniforms, ceremonies, speeches from the balcony, dialogues with listeners, songs and slogans and the Roman salute with the right arm. D' Annunzio ignored the border treaty of Rapallo on 12 November 1920, Italy declared war on 21 December. After bombardment of his palace by the Italian warship Andrea Doria and the struggles of the " Bloody Christmas" from December 24 1920 to December 30, 1920, the Legion finally handed over the city.

The Carta del Carnaro

History

After occupation of the port city of Fiume, living conditions for the population deteriorated significantly as a result of the blockade of the access roads. Unrest spread. It was unclear how the Italian government would react under Francesco Saverio Nitti. Gabriele d'Annunzio continued after the resignation of his nationalistic chefs de cabinet Giovanni Guirinati on December 23, 1919 known anarcho-syndicalist Alceste de Ambris as a successor. He gave him the mandate to draft a constitution for the new state.

After two and a half months, D'Annunzio received the draft constitution on 18 March 1920 which he subsequently revised and amended. After its announcement on 30 August 1920, the Carta was time equated with the general strike in Italy on September 8, 1920 in force. You should be a model for a new kind of co-existence and a role model for all of Italy. D' Annunzio hoped at times for a revolution together with the Socialists after a march on Rome and the establishment of a Republic of Italy.

But since the events in the fall and winter of 1920 rash in Fiume, the Carta has not been implemented. Only a few structural elements such as the involvement of corporations have been taken up in the following years by the fascists under Mussolini. This rejected the Carta from as a whole, because it was too liberal for him.

Content

The Carta del Carnaro was a constitution which contained anarchist, proto- fascist and democratic elements. The Constitution, with its 65 articles included the following fundamental and human rights:

• Complete equality of men and women
• For women to vote and stand for election
• Tolerance between religions and atheists
• A strict separation between church and state.

It provided for a compensation for miscarriage of justice guaranteed by the Officers and a compensation scheme for abuse of power. Citizens were able to take the form of direct democracy through referendum and plebiscite influence. They had the right to a minimum wage, a comprehensive social security, health care and retirement benefits. Schools should educate value-free without religious and political indoctrination.

The property should also develop a social impact. From the obligation to work, rights deduced. The productive work was an important basic element of the state. They wanted to overcome the alienation of work by Karl Marx.

Political leadership functions were only awarded on time and without accumulation of offices to avoid a static bureaucracy and to offer the young a career opportunity. Conflicts should be resolved by consensus. Therefore, arrangements were missing in polls.

The handwriting of the writer D' Annunzio was particularly evident in the area of ​​culture, because it was very important aesthetic and artistic education. The author De Ambris raised as syndicalist out the design of autonomous corporations instead of parties. He pretended nine corporations, assigned to the different occupational areas were (eg, workers, persons with management positions, employers, teachers and students, seamen and artists ). In a " council of representatives " ( Consiglio dei Provvisori ) 60 delegates were elected. This regulated twice a year, the labor and business law. A second chamber, the " Council of the Best " ( Consiglio degli Ottimi ) governed the public policy, education and the Fine Arts. Depending 1000 citizens who are over 20 years old, chose a delegate. Both chambers together formed the National Council, given the regency with seven ministers and the commanders, and the five courts with the Constitutional Court at the top.

The tenth corporation should develop mystical powers and provide for the old Tuscan motto " work without exhaustion," the regency with creative energy. State choirs and instrumental groups should be established in all municipalities. Should provide for beautification of the civil life aediles Roman model. To ensure freedom of action, many Reglungen for municipalities remain undetermined. A strict separation of powers was respected. In a time of emergency, the commander could establish a dictatorship limited to six months.