Jagadish Chandra Bose
Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS ( Bengali: জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু, Jagadis Chandra Basu, born November 30, 1858 in Mymensingh, Bengal, now in Bangladesh, † November 23, 1937 in Giridih, Bengal, now in India) was an Indian scientist. He studied physics and botany, and was one of the pioneers of radio. In addition to the transmission of sound he was interested in the effects of electromagnetic waves on living organisms, in particular plants, and held by a variety of experiments.
Childhood and youth
Bose was born on 30 November 1858 in a Bengali Kayastha family. Bose spent his childhood in Faridpur, where his father was a magistrate. At age nine, he was sent to Kolkata to school. After 1877 he received his degree, he began in 1880 to study medicine in London. He broke off his studies after a year for health reasons, because he was suffering from malaria, giving him his life, prepared a lot of problems. In the following years he studied at Christ 's College, Cambridge with famous personalities like John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, James Dewar, Michael Foster and Francis Darwin.
Activities as a researcher
He returned with a diploma in hand to Kolkata back to the Calcutta University and obtained a post as a professor of physics at the Presidency College, where he taught the next 30 years and conducted research. However, he should initially receive only half the salary of his British colleagues. In protest, he refused the salary and worked for three years without pay and without a day to be missing, to him the charge Twany and Croft due to its impeccable discipline the same salary as his British colleagues and nachzahlten. Strutt following he made during his lectures important experiments and left the impression of a passionate professor. Among his pupils there was Satyendranath Bose, known for the Bose -Einstein statistics.
From 1894 to 1900, before Guglielmo Marconi became famous in this area, Bose created a number of important publications on electromagnetic waves. He demonstrated the long-range effect of the electromagnetic waves in 1894 by letting ring a bell remotely and remotely ignited an explosive charge. 1896 reported the Daily Chronicle of England the following: " The inventor (JC Bose) sent a signal over a distance of about a kilometer, and thus procured the first obvious and as excelling utilizable application of this new outstanding theory ( The theory of electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Hertz) ". Alexander Popov in Russia made similar experiments, but he wrote in December 1895 that he still has hopes to perform signal transmission over a certain distance with radio waves. Marconi made his first demonstration in May 1897 in Salisbury, England ( he worked from a lack of interest of the Italians to his research in the UK).
In contrast to the Italian scientist Bose had no interest in commercialization of his discovery and reiterated that he worked only for basic research. He wrote in 1901, Rabindranath Tagore, after he had finished his research on the airwaves: "I wish you could see this ghastly attachment which you have in this country for the profit ... this greed for the money ... Once in this case, there was for me no escape. " (" I wish you Could See did terrible attachment for gain in this country .... that lust for money ... Once caught in trap did there would have been no way out for me " ).
During his work, he generated waves having a wavelength of 5 millimeters, examined refraction, diffraction and polarization. He also used the galena as a primitive form of a diode as a wave detector. 1954 Gerald Pearson and Walter Brattain described in "History of Semiconductor Research," the use of crystals as a wave detector in Bose's work. Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in Physics 1977, said: " J. C. Bose was 60 years ahead of its time "and" he prepared the semiconductor of the P and N type before. "
Research as a plant physiologist
After 1900, Bose turned away from physics and researched a long time on the physiology of plants. There he pioneered. He published publications on the effect of electromagnetic radiation on plants and their growth. He developed instruments to measure the impact of radiation on plants, insbesonderen an apparatus, which he called " Crescograph " and with which he could observe the growth of plants with up to 10millionenfacher gain. In particular, Bose was interested in the rate of flow of the protoplasm in the plant under different environmental conditions.
He went in 1915 retired but worked another five years. He founded the Bose Institute in Kolkata, the first research center of India. It was inaugurated on 30 November 1917. Nature magazine had published 27 of his publications.
Awards
Bose has received several awards for his work by the British government. In 1903 he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1912 Companion of the Order of the Star of India, 1917, he was finally beaten as a Knight Bachelor knighted and received the title "Sir". 1920 Bose also as a member ( "Fellow" ) was elected to the Royal Society.
Others
His wife Abala Bose was a famous social reformer. 2009, the Botanical Garden in Howrah / Kolkata, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose in Indian Botanic Garden it was renamed in honor.
Works
- The physiology of the rising of the sap, translated by Ernst Pringsheim, Jena, 1925 ( Note: in English Chandra was sometimes rendered as Chunder, which has been adopted here.)
- The plant Scripture and its revelations, translated by Dr. K. Höfler (Vienna), red apple -Verl. Zurich, 1928