Jatropha

Jatropha integerrima

Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the family Euphorbiaceae ( Euphorbiaceae ). Jatropha species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants with often thick and tuberous roots.

Description

One third to one half of the approximately 175 species is native or wurzelsukkulent, a large proportion of other species is at least xerophytic. For tree-like species, the strains are often weichholzig and swollen at the base. Herbaceous species, however, are often geophytes with only short-lived branches. In almost all types of branches or leaves are hairy, but the hair never burning. They contain a milky juice, which is reddish in many species.

The change-constant and spirally arranged or distichous leaves are stalked, lobed simple and ordinary. The leaf margins are smooth. The almost always present stipules are often shared, often glandular hairy in succulent species, and sometimes thorny.

Jatropha species are mostly monoecious ( monoecious ), rarely dioecious ( dioecious ), getrenntgeschlechtige plants. The terminal or axillary inflorescences are branched dichotomously and have a special arrangement of flowers on: In the middle of an inflorescence terminal is a female flower ( sometimes even a few female flowers ), which is surrounded by standing on the branches of male flowers. All flowers are equipped with five Kron and sepals. The nectar glands at the base of the flower can stand freely or be merged into an annular disk. Male flowers carry six to ten stamens in two circles. In the female flowers are usually two to three ( or five ) carpels to a superior ovaries usually grown with three free pencils, each with a two-lobed stigma. Pollination is mostly by insects ( entomophily ).

It develop three-lobed capsule fruits that split open when ripe and fling the seeds several meters. The oily seeds are ovoid and about wearing a Caruncula called appendages.

Your from the Greek words for doctor ( Iatros ) and nutrition ( trophy ) derived botanical name refers to the medical use of the seeds of some species and on the edible tubers of the previously identified to this genus cassava (Manihot esculenta ).

Dissemination

Jatropha species are native to tropical and subtropical areas. Dissemination Emphasis Asia, America and Africa. In Madagascar, only one species is endemic.

Possible confusion

Plants with stinging hairs, similar to those of native nettles (Urtica ) and only simple perianth (without sepals ) that were previously counted as Jatropha belong to the genus Cnidoscolus.

Use

See main article physic nut

A relevant use exists only in the physic nut (Jatropha curcas ). Due to its sufficiency, it can be grown even in dry savanna areas. Despite the small needs of the plant produces oil: Your seed has an oil content of more than 30 %, the ( rape has only about 54 ) on top of that with a cetane number of about 60 is one of the most effective technically useful vegetable oils in the world. Cultivation is therefore particularly rewarding, not only for the subsistence economy (oil production for their own consumption ), but also for the resale on the international market.

Currently, the global acreage is less than 1 million hectares, about 80 % of this area is accounted for by the Asian countries, particularly India, China and Indonesia. But in South America and Africa learns of commercial Jatropha cultivation a boom. New studies have shown that there is a growing potential of about 30 million hectares worldwide.

System

Generally

As the official first description of the genus is the 1753 published collection in the work Species Plantarum by Carolus Linnaeus.

The most familiar type is the physic nut (Jatropha curcas ). This, originally from tropical America, some succulent plant is grown in tropical areas for the production of biodiesel worldwide. The species is monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig. Here are brief comments on some other ways:

  • Jatropha cathartica ( Syn: Jatropha berlandieri Torrey ) from Mexico and the southern United States produces one-year shoots. Your succulent, globular tuberous root is set above ground almost always in culture.
  • Jatropha dhofarica forms in the Dhofar region of Oman up to 3 m wide, slightly succulent shrubs.
  • Jatropha glandulifera is a slightly succulent, Indian style with prominent glandular hairs.
  • Jatropha gossypiifolia is a somewhat succulent, native of tropical America plant that is an ornamental plant because of its blood-red flowers and reddish-brown foliage.
  • Jatropha integerrima is a native of Central and South America xerophyter shrub. It is an ornamental plant because of its almost year-round appearing flowers.
  • Jatropha macrantha is from Peru and forms low, bare shrubs with succulent branches.
  • Consists largely of a succulent tuberous root, which only produces a thin and short-lived branch annually Jatropha macrorhiza from Mexico and the southern United States.
  • Jatropha mahafalensis is the only species from Madagascar.
  • Jatropha malacophylla from Mexico and the southern United States is small, succulent shrubs or trees with strongly swollen trunks.
  • Jatropha multifida is a rare, somewhat succulent ornamental plant with striking pinnate leaves that originates from tropical America.
  • Jatropha podagrica is a succulent plant, native of Central America style with bottle-shaped thickened trunk. It is offered to us as a houseplant.
  • Jatropha spicata forms in South - East Africa to succulent shrubs with tuberous thickened bases.
  • Jatropha variifolia comes from South Africa and Mozambique, where it forms succulent shrubs with thickened bases and tuberous roots.

Many previously asked in the genus species are now assigned to other genera; example is the known as " hyenas poison" Jatropha globosa Gaertn. now Hyaenanche globosa ( Gaertn. ) Lamb ..

List of species

The following list of the approximately 190 recognized species next to the botanical author abbreviation is indicated by the publication year of publication of the first description:

  • Jatropha aceroides ( Pax & K.Hoffm. ) Hutch. auct in D.Oliver &. suc. (eds. ), Fl. Trop. Afr. 6 (1): 789 (1912).
  • . Jatropha aethiopica Müll.Arg, Flora 47: 485 ( 1864).
  • Jatropha afrotuberosa Radcl. -Sm. & Govaerts, Kew Bull 52: 188 (1997).
  • . Jatropha alamanii Müll.Arg, Linnaea 34: 207 (1865 ).
  • . Jatropha andrieuxii Müll.Arg, Linnaea 34: 208 ( 1865).
  • Jatropha angustifolia Griseb. , Nachr royally. Ges Wiss. Georg- August -Univ. 1: 171 (1865 ).
  • Jatropha aspleniifolia Pax, bot Jahrb Syst. 19: 108 (1894 ).
  • Jatropha atacorensis A.Chev. , Bull Soc. Bot France 58 (8): 206 (1911 publ 1912. ).
  • Jatropha augustii Pax & K.Hoffm. in HGAEngler, Pflanzenr, IV, 147, XVI. 191 ( 1924).
  • Jatropha bartlettii Wilbur, J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 70: 99 (1954).
  • Jatropha baumii Pax in O.Warburg (ed.), Kunene - Zambesi Exped. 283 (1903 ).
  • Jatropha bornmuelleri Pax in HGAEngler, Pflanzenr, IV, 147, I:. 133 (1910). Jatropha bornmuelleri var bornmuelleri
  • Jatropha bornmuelleri penicillata var Fern.Casas, Fontqueria 55 (22 ): 2 ( 2003).
  • Jatropha gossypiifolia var elegans ( Pohl ) Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15 (2): 1087 (1866 ).
  • Jatropha gossypiifolia var gossypiifolia.
  • Jatropha hernandiifolia var hernandiifolia.
  • Jatropha hernandiifolia var portoricensis ( Millsp. ) Urb., Symb Antill. 4: 349 (1905).
  • Jatropha hildebrandtii var hildebrandtii.
  • Jatropha hildebrandtii var torrentis - lugardi Radcl. -Sm, Kew Bull 28:. 283 (1973).
  • Jatropha hirsuta hirsuta var.
  • Jatropha hirsuta var oblongifolia Prain in WHHarvey & auct. suc. (eds. ), Fl. Cap. 5 (2): 424 (1920).
  • Jatropha kamerunica var kamerunica.
  • Jatropha kamerunica var trochainii Leandri, Bull Soc. France Bot 83: 525 ( 1936).
  • Jatropha latifolia var angustata Prain in WHHarvey & auct. suc. (eds. ), Fl. Cap. 5 (2): 424 (1920).
  • Jatropha latifolia var latifolia.
  • Jatropha latifolia var subeglandulosa Radcl. -Sm, Kew Bull 46:. 146 (1991).
  • Jatropha latifolia var swazica Prain in WHHarvey & auct. suc. (eds. ), Fl. Cap. 5 (2): 424 (1920).
  • Jatropha macrorhiza var macrorhiza.
  • Jatropha macrorhiza var septemfida Engelm. in JTRothrock, Rep. U.S. Geogr Surv, Wheeler 6. 243 ( 1878).
  • Jatropha mollissima var glabra Müll.Arg. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 15 (2): 1092 (1866 ).
  • Jatropha mollissima mollissima var.
  • Jatropha pelargoniifolia var glabra ( Müll.Arg. ) Radcl. -Sm, Kew Bull 37:. 683 (1983).
  • Jatropha pelargoniifolia var pelargoniifolia.
  • Jatropha pelargoniifolia var sublobata ( O.Schwarz ) Radcl. -Sm, Kew Bull 37:. 683 (1983).
  • Jatropha ribifolia ambigua var Pax in HGAEngler, Pflanzenr, IV, 147, III. 28 (1910).
  • Jatropha ribifolia var ribifolia.
  • Jatropha rivae subsp. parvifolia ( Chiov. ) MGGilbert & Thulin, Nordic J. Bot 11: 414 ( 1991).
  • Jatropha rivae subsp. quercifolia MGGilbert & Thulin, Nordic J. Bot 11: 415 (1991).
  • Jatropha rivae subsp. rivae.
  • Jatropha schlechteri subsp. schlechteri.
  • Jatropha schlechteri subsp. setifera ( Hutch. ) Radcl. Sm, Kew Bull 46. 152 (1991).
  • Jatropha schweinfurthii subsp. atrichocarpa Radcl. Sm, Kew Bull 28. 285 (1973).
  • Jatropha schweinfurthii subsp. schweinfurthii.
  • Jatropha schweinfurthii subsp. zambica Radcl. Sm, Kew Bull 46. 154 (1991).
  • Jatropha stuhlmannii subsp. somaliensis Radcl. -Sm, Kew Bull 42:. 107 (1987).
  • Jatropha stuhlmannii subsp. stuhlmannii.

Synonyms

For the genus, there is a set of synonyms:

  • Adenorhopium Rchb.
  • Adenoropium Pohl
  • Castiglionia Ruiz & Pav
  • Collenucia Chiov.
  • Curcas Adans.
  • Jatropa Scop., Orth var
  • Loureira Cav.
  • Mesandrinia Ortega
  • Tempate
  • Zimapania Engl & Pax
Rosids Urticating hair Ovary (botany) Elaiosome Physician Dhofar Governorate Middle America (region)
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