Jean-Martin Charcot

Jean -Martin Charcot (* November 29, 1825 in Paris, † August 16 1893 in Morvan ) was a French neurologist and pathologist. He is one of the most important physicians in the history of the Hôpital de la Salpêtrière. In 1882 he established an independent Department of Neurology at the Salpêtrière, she was the first in Europe. Together with Guillaume- Benjamin Duchenne he is considered the founder of modern neurology. The polar explorer Jean -Baptiste Charcot was his son.

Life

After graduating from medical school in 1853 at the Sorbonne with a thesis about various forms of arthritis, Charcot worked as a hospital doctor. In 1872 he became a full professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Paris, where he published numerous works on anatomy and pathology of the nervous system. 1882 the world's first chair of diseases of the nervous system at the Hôpital de la Salpêtrière in Paris was built for Charcot.

Charcot in 1883 was admitted to the Académie des sciences. 1888 to 1889 he published his famous Leçons du mardi, in which he demonstrated clinical cases, which were attended by an international audience of doctors, journalists and writers.

Hardly any other scientist of the 19th century, the development of neurology as a lasting influence as Charcot. In the second half of the 19th century Charcot reach significant findings in almost all areas of neurology. He first described the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the neurogenic arthropathy. In addition, it bordered multiple sclerosis and Parkinson 's disease as a disease in images from each other.

On 7 June 1884 came under the mediation of Charcot's assistant, Dr. Raymond Combret, a member of the Theosophical Society in Paris, a meeting between Henry Steel Olcott of the Theosophical Society and Charcot at Hôpital de la Salpêtrière. In his later years Charcot 's preoccupation with psycho- pathological studies on hysteria, despite the partial revision after Charcot's death had great influence on the further development of psychiatry and psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, his student. It was Charcot's clinical use of hypnosis in an attempt to find an organic cause for the hysteria that aroused Freud's interest in the psychological causes of neuroses.

Freud started from August 1885 to study under Charcot at the Salpêtrière and while Freud later successfully promoted his creation, psychoanalysis as an independent science, is usually ignored that these emerged from the study of hypnosis. Other research Charcot to altered states of consciousness caused by hypnotic trance, brought forth other disciplines that conform did not go so well with the materialistic spirit as that of Freud.

Charcot was representative of the prevailing science of the 19th century, which had come to terms with hypnosis and was trying to find a neurophysiological explanation for the observed symptoms of it. He sought a purely materialistic explanation, with the people who let themselves be hypnotized easily, could be regarded as mentally ill, and with which one could strictly classify the successive stages of hypnosis. It was not until 1884 his hypotheses by Hippolyte Bernheim and Ambroise -Auguste Liébeault were questioned who set up the theory that the hypnotic state be brought forth by suggestion, which was finally proved in Liébeaults medical practice. It turns out that Charcot's belief that hypnosis had disease-related causes, stemmed, that he happened mainly worked at the Salpêtrière with hysterics. Charcot admitted his defeat a few months before his death, by letting announced in an article that basically slightly hysterical subject of suggestion.

Charcot's work is described by Axel Munthe in The Story of San Michele in detail. The discovery of the unconscious Also in Henri F. Elle Berger's standard work: history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry up to Janet, Freud, Adler and Jung we find the beginnings of a detailed presentation of Charcot.

Other famous pupil of Charcot were Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Joseph Babinski, Gheorghe Marinescu, Pierre Janet and Charles -Joseph Bouchard.

Terms and conditions, which are named after Charcot

  • Charcot disease / Charcot: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but also occasionally used for multiple sclerosis.
  • Charcot -Marie -Tooth Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy ( HMSN ), which are now divided on the basis of various progressive forms.
  • Erb - Charcot disease: ( Syphilitic or spastic ) Paraplegia, originally observed in syphilis sufferers.
  • Charcot's triad: Charcot's triad I referred in neurology as a symptom combination of intention tremor, skandierender language and nystagmus in multiple sclerosis.
  • Charcot's triad II in internal medicine referred to as symptom combination of abdominal pain upper right side, fever and jaundice in suppurative cholangitis.

Charcot in the film

Directed by Alice Winocour French feature Augustine (2012 ) shows Vincent Lindon in the role of the physician.

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