Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis
Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is a type of bacteria. It is one of the Firmicutes division, the Gram test is thus positive. The GC content of this type is 38.6 mole percent. It was ( a species of seal ) isolated from the swab from the mouth of a southern elephant seals. Referred to in the species name, Pinnipedia is the scientific name of the seals.
- 5.1 Literature
- 5.2 Notes and references
Features
Appearance
The cells are Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis kokkenförmig, with a diameter of 0.7-1.0 microns. They occur in grape-like clusters on ( as in staphylococci usual), in pairs or tetrads. Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis forms, like all species of the genus, no endospores. The species can not move under their own power itself, so it is not motile. The Gram stain is positive, the Ziehl- Neelsen stain shows that no acid-fast cell wall is present.
On Columbia blood agar with 5% sheep blood, the cells grow to about 2 mm zoom large colonies, they have a sand-colored to beige in color. Hemolysis of the blood does not occur. In the plan, the colonies are round in shape in the side view they appear convex sublime. On the other culture media, which usually contain peptone, see the colonies similar.
Growth and metabolism
Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is heterotrophic, he does not perform photosynthesis. Metabolism is a facultative anaerobe, that is, the type is also under anaerobic conditions - ie the absence of oxygen - growth. An increased concentration of carbon dioxide does not promote the growth. The pH for best growth is 7.0-8.0. The type shows growth at 25 to 42 ° C. At 4 ° C no growth occurs, this distinguishes them from Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus. A content of 2-6% of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the nutrient medium is tolerated. If no NaCl is present, there is no growth. NaCl at a content of 14 % or more no growth occurs, it makes it different from Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans.
The enzyme catalase is present, the oxidase test is positive. The enzyme urease is not present. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Gelatine can be degraded by hydrolysis, however, can not hydrolyze J. pinnipedialis hippuric the substrate, it is no more able to Äskulinspaltung. The Voges - Proskauer reaction is negative, there is no acetoin formed.
To learn more about the chemoorgano - heterotrophic metabolism, was by Lesley Hoyles et al. investigated, which can utilize organic compounds J. pinnipedialis. It was found that the carbohydrates and sugar alcohols used in the oxidation- fermentation test or in miniaturized test systems are not exploited by fermentation with acid formation. These include the monosaccharides arabinose, fructose, glucose, mannose, ribose and D- xylose, the disaccharide cellobiose, lactose, maltose, melibiose, sucrose, trehalose and turanose, the trisaccharide raffinose, as well as the polysaccharide glycogen. Nor does the sugar alcohols mannitol and xylitol are recycled. Another study by Wen- Yan Liu, inter alia, in the context of the discovery of Jeotgalicoccus halophilus led in 2011 to the conclusion that D- glucose and sucrose can be recycled, the result in the oxidation- fermentation test but only weakly positive.
Chemotaxonomic features
As is usual for Jeotgalicoccus species, the main menaquinone MK- 7th Occurring in the membrane lipids, fatty acids are mainly molecules with an odd number of carbon atoms ( C15), and no double bond (saturated fatty acids). It is the branched-chain fatty acids with the abbreviations anteiso - C15: 0 ( anteiso - pentadecanoic acid ) and iso- C15: 0 (iso- pentadecanoic acid ), they account for 60.0 and 22.9 %. The lipids in the cell membrane containing phosphoglycerides ( phosphatidylglycerol ), diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unidentified phospholipid. Glycolipids or Aminolipide not occur.
Genetics
The GC content (the proportion of nucleobases guanine and cytosine) in the DNA of Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is 38.6 mole percent. The genome has been (as of 2014) not yet fully sequenced. However, the nucleotides of the 16S rRNA were determined for phylogenetic studies, a typical representative for prokaryotes the ribosomal RNA.
2012 was carried out at the Agricultural University of China in Beijing an investigation, the extent to which the gene encoding the multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus gene cfr in related bacterial species occur that are as non- pathogenic commensal organisms found in domestic pigs. These include Macrococcus caseolyticus and Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis. Of the 391 pigs bacterial isolates were obtained using nasal swabs, 75 of which the two species mentioned above could be assigned. One isolate of the CFR J. pinnipedialis gene using the PCR ( polymerase chain reaction ) was detected. It is located on a plasmid, called a pJP1 and about 53 kilobase pairs (kb ) is large. The Chinese researchers point out in their report suggests that present in the environment, non-pathogenic bacteria can contribute to the spread of multi-drug resistance genes plasmidgebundenen.
Pathogenicity
Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis is non-pathogenic ( " pathogenic " ), he is the biological substances in connection with the TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents ) assigned 466 Risk Group 1.
System
The type Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis belongs to the family of Staphylococcaceae in the order of Bacillales. This order is part of the Department of Firmicutes. J. pinnipedialis was first described in 2004 by Lesley Hoyles et al. The bacterial strain of discovered J. pinnipedialis A/G14/99/10T is the type strain of the type he was in the collections of microorganisms in Sweden (as CCUG 42722 ) and France (as CIP 107946 ) were deposited.
In the phylogenetic study, a relationship was found to genera Jeotgalicoccus and Salinicoccus. The comparison of the sequences of the 16S rRNA revealed a similarity of 93 and 91% respectively. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was created by Hoyles et al, based on the neighbor joining method. The bacterial strain newly discovered develops its own line, as a branch of the group, which is formed by J. and J. halotolerans psychrophilus ( until 2004 the only member of the genus ). The classification in the genus Jeotgalicoccus is supported by phenotypic features, such as the composition of fatty acids in the cell membrane and the presence of MK-7 as the main menaquinone. The related genus Salinicoccus other hand, has MK -6 as the major menaquinone. Differences to the 2003 discovered species halotolerans J. and J. psychrophilus show themselves and others, on growth at different temperatures and sodium chloride concentrations in the nutrient medium (see overview).
Etymology
The genus name is derived from Jeotgalicoccus the New Latin word Jeotgalum and refers to the locality of the first-described Art It has been isolated from the Korean fish sauce Jeotgal. The species name refers to pinnipedialis J. Robben (scientific name: Pinnipedia ), also means pinniped in English 'seal'. J. pinnipedialis was in a swab from the mouth of a southern elephant seals ( Mirounga leonina ) isolated.
Ecology
Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis was discovered in the oral flora of a seal in 2004, at the time of discovery, no further details have been given to his habitat. He was later demonstrated in the study of nasal swabs from pigs, there he is as commensal microorganisms part of society. Scientists at the Technical University of Munich suggested that he and other members of the genus are widely distributed in the environment that they have not yet been discovered or identified. One reason is the similarity to the Staphylococcus genus, with which they can be easily confused and - unlike Jeotgalicoccus - for a long time is known.