Jibal

Jibal (Arabic جبال, DMG Ǧibāl ) was the usual from the 7th to the 12th century designation of a large Iranian province of Kailfenreiches.

Name

The Arabic word Jibal is the plural form of Jabal (mountain ), meaning mountain or mountain range - meaning the Zagros Mountains. Jibal corresponds broadly to the ancient region of media, from the Arabs ableiteten the name Mah. In the 11th and 12th centuries, especially during the Seljuk rule, they gave the term Jibal gradually; after the Mongol conquest of Iran, he was no longer used. One of the last to him used, Yaqut was; a century later used Hamdallah Mustaufi Jibal at any point. Instead, now called West Persia as the Iraq adschami ( Persian Iraq), which with its south Mesopotamian counterpart, the Iraq arabi ( Arab Iraq ), the two Iraq was formed.

Geography ( borders and main cities )

The limits Dschibals, which also Kurdistan and Lorestan included, were not always sharply defined: the east, the United Province of Rayy marginalized as the northeast edge city on the Dasht -i Kavir Khorasan, to the southeast by Fars (the ancient Persis ), to the south by the plains of Khuzistan, on the west by Mesopotamia, in the northwest of Azerbaijan ( border river: Sefid Rud ) and on the north by the Alborz Mountains and the Caspian provinces ( Tabaristan, Gilan ).

The four ancient places of the province were Rayy (near Tehran ), Qarmisin ( Kermanshah in Kurdistan ), Hamadan and Isfahan; to the urban centers also included Dinawar ( Mah al - Basra ) and Qazvin.

History

The history of the province began when the Muslim Arabs invaded in the wake of the Islamic expansion beginning of the 7th century in the Persian Sassanid Empire, had been among the media until then. Despite initial successes of the Sassanids by the Arabs were able to gain a decisive victory in the Battle of Nihavand in the year 642. From Mesopotamia conquered it piece by piece, the entire Sassanid Empire, during the Great deposed king fled to the east. The big cities were conquered Dschibals 642-645. In Dinawar and Nihavand ( Mah al - Kufa ) to Arabs settled and established garrisons that you used for campaigns in the north and east; Arabs were an integral component of the population in southern Iran.

One of the most famous governors Dschibals was the former military slave Afshin, who struck down the revolt of Babak Chorramdin in the 9th century. Local dynasties, the only formally subordinated to the Abbasid Caliphate in part, included the Dulafiden (early 9th century to 897 ), Buyids ( 932-1029 ) and Kakuyiden (ca. 1008-1051 ). In the 10th century, the 712 or 713 by Arabs from Kufa again populated city of Qom rose to the grave of the sister of the eighth Imam, al - Fatima Masuma, to become one of the most important centers of Shiite learning.

Greatest importance was Jibal as the heartland of the Seljuk Empire. The Turkish sultans ruled the country from the mid-11th century and raised Isfahan, Hamadan and Rayy to capitals. After the decline of the Großseldschuken Jibal was one of the last provinces that remained of the main line of the dynasty. The power had now held Atabeg Dynasties as the Eldigüziden, Salghuriden and Hazaraspiden. As of 1192, the Khorezm Shah came to West Iran before. The last Sultan of Großseldschuken, Toghril III. , Died at his residence Rayy 1194 the Anuschteginiden Tekisch, which then completely Jibal conquered. As the province between Tekischs successor Muhammad II and the Abbasid caliph al-Nasir li - Dini ' llah was controversial, attacked the Mongols in Jibal and ravaged the country.