Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
The Jin Dynasty (1125-1234) (Chinese金朝, Pinyin Jin Chao ) is strictly of the Jin Dynasty ( 265-420 ) (Chinese晋朝, Pinyin Jin Chao ) and the Later Jin Dynasty (后 金Chinese, Pinyin HOU Jin ) to distinguish. It is a Tungusic Dynasty in northern China, was founded by the people of the Jurchen ( in the 10th century formed in Manchuria, ancestors of the Manchu ) 1115-1125 on the ruins of the Liao Empire of the Khitan.
History
The Jurchen ruled with the help of mercenaries from the Mongolian steppe, a majority of Han people in northern China. The Jin Empire at that time was a total of 53 million inhabitants, of which 6 million Jurchen, making it the most populous country in the world. End of 1126, the Jurchen recorded a great victory over the Nationalist Chinese Northern Song dynasty whose sitting in Kaifeng Emperor Huizong was caught.
The capital of the Jin empire was initially Huei - ing ( Huining, 1125-1153 ) to Harbin in Manchuria, today Acheng. The Sinicisation the Jurchen aristocracy quickened as the despotic Emperor Tikunai the capital to Beijing in 1153 and eventually even briefly moved to Kaifeng. But Tikunai failed in his attack on Song China in 1161 on the Yangtze River and was killed by his soldiers.
Under his successor Wulu the capital was temporarily moved to Manchuria. This was related to measures of the traditional circles against the Sinicisation. In 1173 it was banned the Jurchen to adopt Chinese names. Simultaneously, the Jurchen language for official tests was prescribed.
From 1153 to 1214 was Zhongdu (Chinese中 都, average capital ') again capital, now Beijing. 1194 shifted the Yellow River run its course, so that there was more flooding. Despite this disaster, the aforementioned pressure on the government and a new war against the Song in 1208, the Jurchen rule was externally stable on the eve of the Mongol attack. Only inwardly saw the unreliability of the army, which consisted of a quarter of mercenaries from the steppe.
The Jin took occasional punitive expeditions in Mongolia, increased from 1192 and the Great Wall. But the founding of the Mongol Empire in 1206 provided for them a serious challenge after the conquest of Beijing by the Mongols Genghis Khan was Kaifeng (Chinese开封, Pinyin Kaifeng ) from 1214 to 1234, the last capital. The empire of the Jin Dynasty was in 1234 with the conquest of Kaifeng and Luoyang by Ögedei Khan basis.