John Haviland

John Haviland (* December 15 1792 in Gundenham, England; † 1852 in Philadelphia, United States) was an American architect who was a major figure in American classicism and is one of the most renowned architects of Philadelphia in the 19th century. Fame he achieved in particular through its prison buildings.

Biography

John Haviland was born 1792 in Gundenham, near Taunton in Somerset, England. In 1811 he went on the London architect James Elmes in teaching. In 1815 he had an unsuccessful meeting with the Russian Imperial Engineer Corps. However, he arrived in Russia on Sunday George and John Quincy Adams, who encouraged him to work in the United States.

In 1816 he arrived in Philadelphia, and soon established himself as one of the few professional architects in the city. John Haviland and Mary Wright from Sunday (daughter of Captain William Ludwig von Sunday of the French army and sister of George from Sunday ), were married on July 2, 1819 by William White, Bishop of Pennsylvania. John from Sunday de Havilland - The marriage went forth a son.

1818 Haviland wrote the book The Builder 's Assistant, which was published in three volumes ( 1818-1821 ), in order - as with his teaching - supplement his meager income as architect This was one of the earliest architectural books, written and published in North America and probably the first, which included the five classical Greek and Roman orders of columns - for builders, carpenters, bricklayers, plasterers, carpenters and carvers ( "for the use of builders, carpenter, mason, plasterers, cabinet makers, carvers and ..."). 1830, appeared again in four volumes.

In part because of The Builder 's Assistant Haviland received in the period following the most important jobs in Philadelphia. So there he designed the first prison in the United States, the English reformer was in line with the ideas: the Eastern State Penitentiary (1821-1837) in the Gothic style with battlements. He also designed the Franklin Institute (1825-1826) (now the Atwater Kent Museum ) in Philadelphia with a severe Greek Revival façade, based on the monument of Thrasyllus in Athens and the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (now the Dorrance Hamilton Hall, University of the Arts ( Philadelphia ) ).

Haviland opened a drawing school with Hugh Bridgport and later taught drawing at the above Franklin Institute.

Haviland realized own, speculative real estate projects, including loading arcades in Philadelphia and New York as well as an amusement park, which turned out to be a flop and was eventually demolished. This meant that Haviland was forced to declare bankruptcy in the 1830s, which harmed his reputation in Philadelphia. Elsewhere, earned him his reputation as an architect of Prisons important orders - eg for prisons in New Jersey, Missouri, Rhode Iceland and Arkansas.

Many churches and private houses he designed predominantly in the Greek revival style. But The New York Halls of Justice and House of Detention ( The Tombs ) ( 1835-1838 ) was built in the Egyptian Revival style. It should anyone who saw it, inspire awe and terror. For the first time he used Egyptian details at the New Jersey State Penitentiary near Trenton ( 1832-1836 ). This was done partly for reasons of economy but also to get an idea of the suffering to give that awaited the people who should be incarcerated there. So he designed the building lofty, rugged and scary - by large areas with bare walls and a gloomy portico which extends between two pylons. Egyptian elements are also found at the Essex County Courthouse and Gaol in Newark, New Jersey ( 1836-1838 ). This commitment brought Haviland a reputation to be the most important architect of the American Egyptian Revival.

Haviland was an honorary member and a corresponding member of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He died on March 28, 1852 in Philadelphia, where he was buried in the family vault at St. Andrews Church, which he had designed himself and today the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. George 's.

Today, one of the main prison buildings that built Haviland. The building, designed by him Philadelphia Eastern State Penitentiary, were imprisoned in the up in the 1960s prisoners, is now a popular tourist attraction.

Architectural work (selection)

Building in Philadelphia

• Extensions and alterations to the Old City Hall ( built: 1791) ( 5th Street and Chestnut Street ) ( 1820)
• First Presbyterian Church ( Washington Square Presbyterian ), southeast corner of 7th Street and Locust Street ( 1820-1822 ) (demolished 1939)
• St. Andrews Episcopal Church, 256 South 8th Street ( 1822-1823 ) - now the Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. George
• Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Northwest corner of Broad Street and Pine Street (1824-1826) - now the Dorance Hamilton Hall, University of the Arts ( Philadelphia )
• Franklin Institute, 15 South 7th Street ( 1825) - Today, Atwater Kent Museum
• Philadelphia Arcade, 615-619 Chestnut Street ( 1826-1827 ) ( demolished in 1860 )
• Walnut Street Theatre, 9th Street and Walnut Street ( 1827-1828 ) - the oldest continuously operated theater in the United States
• Eastern State Penitentiary, Fairmount Avenue between Corinthian Avenue and North 22nd Street ( 1821-1829 )
• Boston Row, northwest corner 12th Street and Chestnut Street ( 1830)
• Independence Hall, 5th Street and 6th Street, renovation of the second floor (1831 ) and restoration of the Assembly Hall ( 1833)
• Chinese pagoda and Labyrinthine Garden (1828 ) - 24th Street and Fairmount Avenue. This amusement park was a flop and was demolished soon after.
• Pennsylvania Fire Insurance Company ( 1835) ( Walnut Street between 5th Street and 6th Street) - of which only exists the Egyptian front, which has been integrated into a modern high-rise.

Building elsewhere

• U.S. Naval Asylum, Portsmouth, Virginia ( 1827)
• Miner's Bank, Pottsville, Pennsylvania (1830-1831) ( later demolished)
• New Jersey State Penitentiary near Trenton (1832-1836)
• Reconstruction of Pittsburgh Penitentiary ( Western Penitentiary ) ( 1833-1836 )
• The Tombs ( Hall of Justice ), New York City ( 1835-1838 ) ( demolished in 1902 )
• Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, Missouri (1836 ) (2004 Closed )
• Essex County Courthouse and Jail, New Street, Newark, New Jersey (1836-1838) - now in a dilapidated condition
• Berks County Jail, Reading, Pennsylvania (1848 )
• Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (1848-1851)
• Lancaster County Jail, 625 East King Street, Lancaster, Pennsylvania ( 1851)
• Rhode Iceland State Penitentiary
• ( Old ) Allegheny County Jail, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
• York County Hall, York, Pennsylvania
• Newark County Hall, Newark, New Jersey