Kalpak

The Kalpak, also calpac, Kolpak or Kolpag, (after proto Turkish * kalbuk " high hat ", Turkish kalpak " ( Fur ) Hat "); continue Kazakh and Kyrgyz kalpak or qalpaq, Yakut xalpaq ) is a tall, sometimes pointed, frustoconical or cylindrical cap mainly of fur and / or felt for men, which is supported by Central Asia, the Caucasus and Turkey to the Balkans. From the Kalpak the Kolpak, a military headgear of the light cavalry, especially the hussars, or light artillery developed.

The Turkish word has been adopted in a number of languages ​​: Romanian calpac, Bulgarian and Serbian kalpak ( калпак ) mean " Fur Hat ". About Polish Kolpak, " busby ", the word came to Germany in the 17th century. So the Kolpack was a kind of woman hood in Gdansk. In Russian called Kolpak ( колпак ) the nightcap. The cylindrical Kolpik of brown fur of some Hasidic rabbis (similar to the Schtreimel, only much later) has the same name origin.

In a number of West Slavic languages ​​is with kalpak related word klobuk the general term for "hat ", as in the Slovak and Slovenian; Klobouk also in Czech, the Polish Silesian klobuk, Klobyk in Lower Sorbian and Klobuk in Kashubian ). In Russian called Klobuk ( Клобук ), however, only the headgear of Orthodox clergyman.

During the Russo- Caucasian " Cossack " or " Tatar hat ", which papakha, is mostly made ​​of lambskin, which Kalpak can consist of a wide variety of fur types and / or felt and additionally has many parts made ​​of leather and cloth. However, there are conceptual overlaps. Thus, the high headgear of astrakhan, the most precious lambskin places that were popular in the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent Turkey, were consistently referred to as Kalpak; as well as the Karakulschaffellmützen that were worn in Greece and in the Balkans in the 19th century by noblemen and Orthodox clergy. The very similar " Kubanka ", a cylindrical military headdress in the Red Army and the Russian armed forces with a flat felt cover is, however, usually attributed to the Papachas. The two Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of Karakalpaks and Karapapachen are equally named after their typical headgear: " Black Hat".

Similarly diverse are the forms of Kalpaks. In winter, thicker, wärmendere specimens are worn, lighter in summer, whose brim or ear flaps can be folded as a sunscreen to the top. The cuff is sometimes slitted front, so that it forms two prominent peaks. General rule in Central Asia rather pointed, tapered Kalpaks before, in Turkey high frustoconical or cylindrical. Both forms have in common that they can be together lay flat when not worn.

Russian boyars (16th - 17th Century )

Coat of Arms of Heidenheim, with Heidenkopf

A simple Hungarian Hussar (1703) with fur-trimmed stocking cap

Hungarian nobleman ( Count Elemér Lónyay ) ( 1900) with a feather fur hat

Descendants of Hajdamaken (1916 ), right with Tschocha and papakha, left with burqa and one of the original hussar cap very similar, hat

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk with a Kalpak from astrakhan

Even in the " Bojarenmützen " from Sable, mink and other wildlife pelts in tsarist Russia or Poland - Lithuania, there are rather high, stiff, cylindrical hats, alongside soft cap -like shapes. The latter took over the Hungarian heraldry since the 16th century (also known as Tatar, Hungarian or Albanian cap ) under the name Heidenhut, as common character input in the Central European heraldry.

In the Hussaria, the heavy Polish cavalry of the 16th and 17th centuries, various fur hats were also common, but usually bearskin hats with drooping wings, or high Kalpaks with plume. From these, the actual Hussars cap ( Kolpak ) developed in the 18th and 19th century seal and otter fur with overhanging cloth bag.

Characteristic of the ( dervishes ) of the Mevlevi, one of the many schools in Sufism, a mystical current in Islam, is the very high Kalpak from felt. Your center and origin lies in Konya in Turkey. But other schools are recognized by their typical headgear.

The late 19th and early 20th century was the Kalpak part of the uniform of certain units in the Ottoman army. The Kalpak (especially from astrakhan ) but was not only worn by high-ranking officers, but also in the civilian elite, first under reform-minded politicians ( Young Turks ) and to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. 1925 had this to Kalpak However, banning together with other traditional headgear, by the Hat Law, as he looked at it as an expression of a backward-looking, outdated mindset. Since then, the Kalpak has virtually disappeared in all walks of life.