Kapampangan language
Spoken in
- Austronesian Malayo -Polynesian Western Malayo -Polynesian North Philippines Kapampangan
-
Pam
Pam
Kapampangan is spoken on the Philippine island of Luzon Austronesian language. Kapampangan is spoken by about 2.3 million native speakers, and is among the 13 largest languages of the Philippines.
- 5.1 The noun
- 5.2 pronouns 5.2.1 Special forms
- 5.2.2 Combination of pronouns
- 5.2.3 demonstrative
- 5.3.1 ambiguities and irregularities
- 5.3.2 conjugation
Linguistic relationship
Kapampangan is a Northern Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. The ratio of the Kapampangan to other Philippine languages is unclear. It was divided by SIL as part of geographically distant baschiisch - central luzon - Northern Mindoro languages ( for example, Ivatan, Yami, Iraya ). The most closely related languages of Kapampangan are the Sambal languages of Zambales province and the Boliano language that is spoken in Bolinao. Most, if not all, of these languages the same reflex of Uraustronesischen consonant * R which is in these languages [ j].
History
The word comes from the root Kapampangan Pampang and means river bank. There is very little known about this language before the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century. In the 18th century the two books Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga and Arte de la lengua Pampanga were written by Diego Bergano. Two Kapampangan writer of the 19th century regarded as the equivalent of William Shakespeare in Kapampangan literature. Anselmo Fajardo wrote Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heroica de la Conquista de Granada, while Juan Crisostomo Soto was known by his many plays (for example, Alang Dios 1901). The poetic competition Crissotan was founded by Amado M. Yuzon in the 1950s to life to immortalize his contribution to Kapampagan literature.
Geographical Distribution
Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the Philippine provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac, but also in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Bataan. The Philippine Census 2000 indicates that of 2.31287 million have 76,332,470 people Kapampangan as their mother tongue.
Lute
In Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and 5 vowels. Some western dialects have six vowels. The syllable structure is relatively simple and every syllable contains at least one vowel and a consonant.
Vowels
Before the arrival of the Spaniards Kapampangan had the three vowels [a ], [i ] and [u ] (some dialects also [ ə ] ). Due to the borrowing of words from Spanish, it was later expanded to five vowels.
There are:
- An unrounded open front vowel [ a]
- An unrounded half open front vowel [ ɛ ]
- A closed unrounded front vowel [i ]
- A rounded half-closed back vowel [o ]
- A rounded closed back vowel [ u]
The diphthongs are [ aɪ ], [ oɪ ], [ aʊ ] and [ iʊ ], although there is in most dialects only two.
Consonants
Below is a table with the consonants of Kapampangan. All fricatives are not aspirated. The velar nasal can occur at any position in the word, even at the beginning. Unlike other Philippine languages Kapampangan has no phoneme [h ].
Emphasis
The emphasis in Kapampangan is phonemic. The main emphasis is on either the last or penultimate syllable of a word. Vocal extension is accompanied by the main or secondary stress when the emphasis is not at the end of words.
Phonology
- [ a] is slightly increased, if it is not emphasized.
- In some western accents [ ɯ ] is a separate phoneme, as in [ atɯp ] (roof) or [ alɯm ] ( deep). But this sound is for most Kapampangan speakers with [ a] fused.
- An unstressed [i ] is usually pronounced as [ ɪ ].
- At the end of a word and declarative sentence [e ] and [i ] and [ ɪ ~ i] are pronounced.
- But in testifying parties and questioning findings is [i ] to [ ɛ ].
- Be pronounced at the end of a word and declarative sentence [o ] and [u ] than [ u].
- But in testifying parties and questioning findings is [ u] to [ o].
- An unstressed [ u] is usually pronounced as [ ʊ ].
- The diphthong [ aɪ ] is in many Kapampangan accents to [e ~ ɛ ].
- The diphthong [ aʊ ] is in many Kapampangan accents to [o ~ ɔ ].
- [k ] between vowels tends to becoming too [ x].
- [ ɾ ] and [d ] are sometimes used interchangeably, since they are allophones in Kapampangan.
- [ ʔ ] is at the end of a word is often omitted when it is in the middle of the sentence.
Historical sound changes
In most Kapampangan dialects ur - Philippine schwa ə * merged with [ a], but in some western dialects it remained. For example, Ur - Filipino * tanəm is tanam (plant ) ( Tanim compare Tagalog and Cebuano Tanom ) in Kapampangan. The ur - Philippine * R merged with [ j]. For example: Kapampangan bayu, Tagalog: bago, Ilokano: baro, German: new.
Grammar
The noun
In Kapampangan nouns are not bent, but are preceded by a case marking. There are three cases: absolutive, ergative and oblique. In contrast to most European languages, Kapampangan is a Ergativsprache and no Akkusativsprache. It is often mistakenly believed that Kapampangan is often spoken in the passive voice.
Examples:
- Dinatang ya ing lalaki. The man arrived.
- Ikit neng i Juan Maria. Juan saw Mary.
- Nukarin la libro ring? Where are the books?
- Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen. We will give you the keys Carmen.
Pronoun
Examples:
- Sinulat ku. I wrote.
- Silatanan na ku. ( He ) wrote to me.
- Dinatang ya. He arrived.
- Sabyan me kaku. Tell it to me.
- Inu ing minaus keka? Who called you?
- Mamasa la. Read.
Special forms
The pronoun ya and la have a special form when they along with the word ati ( there is / are ) or ala ( there is / are not ) be used.
- Ati yu king Pampanga He is in Pampanga.
- Ala lu ring doctor keni. Doctors are no longer here.
Combination of pronouns
The arrangement and shape, occurring in the pronouns in sentences are listed in the following table. The Kapampangan pronouns follow verbs and particles like negation words. The enclitic pronoun is always preceded by another pronoun or discourse marker.
- Ikit as ka. I saw you.
- Silatanan na ku. He wrote to me.
The constructions IKIT as ka and silatanan ku na are wrong. Pronouns are also combined into suitcases words:
- Ikit ke. (instead Ikit ku ya ) I saw her.
- Dinan kong pera (instead of Dinan ku long pera ) I gave them money.
In questions and sentences with no case naman words are used:
- Akakit mya? (instead akakit me? ) Do you see him?
- Buri nya naman yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan ) He, however, like this.
Demonstrative pronoun
The demonstrative pronouns are listed in the following table. The demonstrative of Kapampangan differs from that of other Philippine languages , because a distinction between singular and plural.
Verbs
In Kapampangan verbs are very complex and can have a variety of affixes, inflections, aspects, modes, and others have.
Ambiguities and irregularities
The verbs in Kapampangan are more difficult than in other Philippine languages , as some verbs conjugations belong unpredictable and some verb forms are ambiguous.