Knüllgebirge

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The up to 635.5 m high crumpled together with southern slopes Rimberg ( 591.8 m, on the right behind the windmills )

The Knüllgebergte mostly just ( the ) Knüll mentioned, is an up to 635.5 m above sea level. NHN high mountain range in the north Hessian counties Schwalm- Eder and Hersfeld -Rotenburg, Germany.

The crumpled provides natural area within the Osthessischen highlands (main unit group 35), the main unit 356 and consists of the Hochknüll in the center, the annularly arranged about Western and Eastern crumpled foothills and to the north -withdrawing therefrom Homberger Highlands. In addition, occasionally to the south and east adjacent natural areas attributed to the crumpled (see u).

The Knüllgebirge is sparsely populated and heavily wooded. There the landscape conservation area Knüllwald was established there.

Geography

Nature regions

The crumpled divided the natural area as follows:

  • 356 Knüll Highlands 356.0 Western crumpled foothills
  • 356.1 Eastern crumpled foothills
  • 356.2 Hochknüll
  • 356.3 Homberger Highlands

Location and boundaries

The crumpled located 45 km south of Kassel and 20 km west of Bad Hersfeld (each crow flies). The center of the range is the region around the city Schwarzenborn. Limit of the crumpled in western and north-western directions, in closer as in enhanced senses, the West Hesse Depression (main unit 343 ), including the Schwalm ( 343.0 ), which initiates the transition to the West Hesse Highlands (main unit group 34).

Crumpled in the strict sense

The southwestern border of the actual Knüll ( 356.0-356.2 ) for Ottrauer Bergland ( 355.0 ), part of the Fulda- Haune - table-land (main unit 355 ), is the prestigious than otherworldly Grenff. From the mouth of which is the Schwalm between Zella (municipality Willinghausen ) and goats grove west border to the same landscape,

( Otherworldly ) north-west frontier form in about the middle and lower reaches of the Ohebachs to its mouth in the west Efze Homberg. Northern boundary to Homberger Highlands is the middle reaches of the Efze which is extended to its right tributary Breitenbach, the north-eastern boundary to Rotenburg - Louis Ecker Forest ( 357.00 ) as part of the Fulda- Werra- mountain country (main unit 357 ).

In southeastern directions there is no discernible boundaries in relief Kirchheimer Bergland ( 355.4 ) and to the northeast of the Ottrauer mountain country (both Fulda Haune - plateau ). The Geis to Saasen and the auditorium up to and including Gersdorf ( Kirchheim ) are just attributed to the crumpled.

Homberger Highlands

The flachwelligere and strong agricultural Homberger Highlands ( 356.3 ) joins to the north Efze at Homberg at higher crumpled. It extends west to just before the Schwalm and, from its mouth, at the Eder.

To the north the plateau extends to just before the mouth of the Eder in the Fulda, whose so-called Bebra - Fulda valley Melsunger ( 357.1 ) is also affected in the east. However arose in eastern directions in many places the parts of the New Stone Louis Ecker- ridge ( 357.0 ) as the Melgershäuser heights in the north, the acorn mountain in the East and the New Stone Louis Ecker forest in the southeast between. All north east to subsequent natural areas belonging to the Fulda- Werra- Bergland (main unit 357 ). Approximate eastern border with acorn mountain is the ( worldly ) Valley of the Beise.

The crumpled in a broader sense

As seen from the crumpled from which the Rhön represent to the south of the Vogelsberg and to the southeast the next particular really known mountain range, also the Bebra - Melsungen Fulda valley the landscape significantly cuts to the east, it borders commonly often the crumpled east through the Fulda from, to the southeast in about by the prolonged around their tributary Schwarza Jossa and to the southwest by the Berfa.

This would obtain the following outline

  • Crumpled in a broader sense 356 Knüll Highlands 356.0 Western crumpled foothills
  • 356.1 Eastern crumpled foothills
  • 356.2 Hochknüll
  • 356.3 Homberger Highlands
  • 355.0 Ottrauer Bergland (except the Southwest)
  • 355.4 Kirchheimer Bergland
  • 357.0 New Stone Louis Ecker ridge 357.00 Rotenburg - Louis Ecker forest
  • 357.01 Wichtetal
  • 357.02 Eichelbergstrasse

At the core of the mountain forms one today referred to as Hochknüll basalt block, consisting of the crumpled plateau to the Knüllköpfchen ( 633.8 m) at Schwarzenborn and the Eisenberg ( 635.5 m), one connected to the plateau by a narrow ridge, southeast nearby mountain range.

A range of hills north of the watershed of Geisbaches over the Semmelberg ( 552.9 m), the Pomeranian ( 448.1 m) and the Höhwald ( 519.5 m), connects the Northeast with his crumpled foothills, the New Stone Louis Ecker ridge. Another mountain range, which extends over Olberode, the south followed at this place, to ( 532.8 m ) tall cherry forest north White Borns and the adjoining forest attracts east of the latter town to the south, connects the Hochknüll with its south foothills Ottrauer Bergland to the Rimberg ( 591.8 m) and the even more southerly Hirschberg (approx. 506 m) with the Burg Herzberg.

To the west and north of the high Knüll the Knüll of single mountain peaks is marked.

Mountains

Among the mountains and foothills of the crumpled mountains and its adjacent natural areas - sorted by height in meters ( m) above mean sea level ( MSL ):

  • Eisenberg ( 635.5 m), Borgmann Tower ( AT); Southeast of the Hochknüll, Hersfeld- Rotenburg
  • Knüllköpfchen ( 633.8 m ) observation tower and hiking snacks; central Hochknüll, Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Forest Knüll ( 624.4 m ), 500 m east of the crumpled little head, saddle height 15 m; Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Wilsberg ( 598 m) 1.5 km southwest of the crumpled little head, saddle height 40 m
  • Head (about 593 m); south Hochknüll, Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Rimberg ( 591.8 m); Ottrauer Bergland, interface between two counties
  • Holstein head ( head Holstein, about 580 m); East of the Eastern crumpled foothills, Hersfeld- Rotenburg
  • Semmelberg ( 552.9 m); North of the Eastern crumpled foothills, interface of both counties
  • Cherry forest ( " limestone ", 532.8 m), basalt works; South of the ( Western ) crumpled foothills, Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Dam head ( 520.9 m); New stone - Louis Ecker ridge, Hersfeld-Rotenburg district (near Castle Ludwigseck on Atzelstein )
  • Hirschberg (approx. 506 m); Ottrauer Bergland, Hersfeld- Rotenburg ( with Burg Herzberg )
  • Nöll (approx. 492 m); Southwest of the Hochknüll, Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Rehkopf ( 487.5 m); New stone - Louis Ecker ridge, Hersfeld- Rotenburg
  • Eichelbergstrasse ( 480.1 m); eponymous natural space, Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Mosen Berg ( 437.5 m); Homberger southern highlands, Schwalm- Eder-Kreis
  • Gern head ( 417.2 m); New stone - Louis Ecker ridge
  • Heiligenberg ( 393.3 m), AT; Homberger northern highlands, Schwalm -Eder -Kreis ( with castle castle saints )

Waters

In Knüll arise numerous rivers, including the Efze, the auditorium, the Geisbach, the Beise, the Rohrbach and Grenff ( in some maps even with an "f " - Grenf - called ). On Efze inflow Lochbach is the hole gorge.

By Knüll runs from north to south, the watershed between the border rivers Schwalm and Fulda.

Table of the major rivers

→ the complete Table The following are the - by size or importance as bio-physical border river - the main rivers of the crumpled and the immediately adjacent mountain ranges, arranged clockwise starting, listed on the south side of the Schwalm- Fulda watershed. For a better overview and sorting downstream are, depending on the river system in the DGKZ digits after the number of the respective main river hyphens inserted. Related natural areas are outside the crumpled in the strict sense, italics outside the crumpled in a broader sense; italic basins and outflows include only a portion of the actual value (applies only to the Jossa )!

The Knüllgebirge is of magmatic origin. The basalt domes protrude from a base of red sandstone or tertiary base. Because of its structure and arrangement of Knüll is often bezeichnet.Die as a "little brother" of the Vogelsberg mountain building took place in the mid- Tertiary before about 100 million years ago at the same time with the larger much more Vogelsberg result of Absekungsprozesses the Hessian Depression before about 115 million years. This resulted in grave breaches of which today is present the shell as a narrow band. In this tertiary period originated hundreds of basalt domes, cones and back in an irregular disorder. In the diluvial period lifted the country continued and the temperature that had previously been tropical to subtropical hot, fell and it started the first ice age, large parts of Europe overlaid with glaciers. Reason for this was that the split from the Tertiary of Gondwanaland South America docked with the North American continent and ocean currents all changed. The mountain range remained free of ice, but this first ice age -related increased precipitation, which triggered a severe erosion. Were formed today's valleys and valley terraces.

History

The name originally comes from an old Germanic, no longer known today term for certain field names. This comes as the Syllables nall, Noell, nell, nill, Null, Knill, crumpled, ginüll, finill or ginoll still today. You connect to often before the syllable mountain, field or stream. Thus, extended, limited by geography and geology place names arise.

This Germanic term was then popular etymology rich with the Old High German words determination, right, or even back reinterpreted (eg in Hunsrück). The mountain was mentioned in the 9th century as rich or Rechenberg. The Old High German words Rich determination or calculation - point to be extended or harbored marked pastureland or local brands. When then the name Knüll has prevailed for the mountains, is not known.

Prehistoric settlement: Oldest Localities in Hausen dated about 250,000 years before our era. It is a siliceous stone quarry for the production of simple stone tools (Homo erectus ). Numerous burial mounds along the various ridges suggest on the basis of grave goods ( Corded Ware ) on an already populated in the Neolithic landscape. The type advocated here was mainly the hunters, gatherers and shepherd who mainly south exposed slopes populated with a good overview of the landscape in order to better see the towing game. The sparse vegetation in this post-glacial time allowed wide view of the landscape. With the Bronze Age around 2000 BC at the latest, with the Iron Age pastoral people has been finally passed them to settle down and so was the Knüll area to a native peasants. With this change of economic system was also a change in the economic areas go hand in hand. The indigenous farmers now preferred now the fertile farmland of the lowlands and valleys. And so now both the southern mountain slopes and the valleys and lowlands were farmed. Cold and too poor mountain slopes, however, were given up and are now covered with forest. In them, however, can be based on a number of barrows and Terrassenaufschüttungen former management and settlement evidence.

For a long time only the very limited space was called around the Knüllköpfchen crumpled. Therefore, in some sources even the Knüllköpfchen is referred to as the highest mountain of crumpled mountains. This historic subdivision less severe geographical conditions, however, was due rather than the eastern boundary of the dominions of the former county goats grove that still follows the border of the Schwalm- Eder-Kreis to the Hersfeld-Rotenburg district on the (high) Knüll.

Little is written about the historical development of the country Knüll. This is due in large part to the fact that it has always been is a similar poor area, the largest forested part and also difficult to access in the past. Quite different from the crumpled surrounding agricultural landscapes such as the Schwalm, Homberger flange or the fertile Fuldata with the temporary diocese Hersfeld. So only the Knüll was in 1905 with the construction of the railway line Schwalm City Bad Hersfeld, opened up significantly. A man who had been particularly used in this context was the royal Prussian forester Hugo Wilhelm Borgmann of upper auditorium, also founder of the crumpled mountain club, whose main aim was to open up the crumpled tourism and business to connect.

Castles

The following castles and palaces are located in the vicinity of crumpled, although mostly in adjacent natural areas:

  • Burg Herzberg ( in the south adjacent Ottrauer Bergland, Fulda Haune - plateau )
  • Castle ruins Milnrode ( in the south-east adjacent Kirchheimer Bergland, Fulda Haune - plateau )
  • New Castle stone (eastern seam of the Eastern crumpled foothills Kirchheimer Bergland )
  • Ruined castle Wallenstein ( Eastern crumpled foothills )
  • Castle Ludwigseck ( in the north-east to the Eastern crumpled foothills bordering New Stone Louis Ecker ridge, Fulda- Werra- Bergland )
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