Konda language (Dravidian)
Spoken in
- Dravidian Südzentraldravidisch Konda
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Dra
Kfc
Konda ( Konda, also Konda -Dora or cubic ) is a common in central India Dravidian language. It belongs to südzentraldravidischen branch of this family of languages. Konda is spoken by 56,000 (2001 ) members of the same Adivasi tribe in the districts of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam in the north of the state of Andhra Pradesh on the border with Orissa. Many Konda - speakers are bilingual in the regional majority language, depending on the area Telugu or Oriya. The name comes from the Konda Telugu, meaning " hill ", the Konda spokesman themselves call their language as Kubi.
Phonetics
In Konda 23 consonant phonemes occur. Plosives (except the glottal stop ʔ ), fricatives and trills are distinguished according to voicelessness and voicing. A special feature of the phonology of Konda is the retention of proto- Dravidian alveolar. The volume r is a voiced alveolar Vibrant and contrasted with the voiced alveolar tap, while R is R to the voiceless counterpart. All consonants except ʔ, R, N and N can occur in initial position. Consonant clusters in word-initial very rare, but come medially in front more often.
Konda knows ten vowel phonemes, five long and five short a time. The vowel length is distinctive, but differing only in the first syllable. If the first syllable is long, it is stressed, otherwise the emphasis on the second syllable. Auslautendes u is usually not morphemisch and is spoken reduced.
Nouns
The nouns Konda distinguishes between two genera, masculine and non- masculine. The grammatical gender corresponds to the order of nature, that is, male persons are masculine while females and non- persons are non - masculine. Konda knows two numbers, singular and plural. The plural is formed by the addition of a Pluralsuffixe -ku, -k,- sku -nu or - ŋ in non- masculine and-r at masculine. The choice of the suffix follows after certain phonetic criteria. Sometimes the Stammauslaut is thereby changed (for example, "king", Ras -ku RAZU " Kings" ).
Konda has five case: nominative, oblique genitive, accusative - dative, instrumental ablative us locative. The nominative is unmarked (eg veyu " the mouth " ), by Anfüngung of suffixes to the oblique strain ( veyudi " the mouth " ), the remaining cases (eg veyudiŋ " mouth " ) was formed.
The personal pronouns are denominated in the singular Nan (u ) " I " and Nin (u ) "you". MAP ( u) ' we ( without you) " and Mat ( u)' we ( you) ": In the plural distinction is of inclusive and exclusive we. The personal pronoun for " you " is mine ( u).
The numerals 1-7 are: 1 unṟi, 2 Rundi, mūnṟi 3, 4 nālgi, aydu 5, 6 Aru, 7 Eru. The remaining number of words are borrowed.
Verbs
From the verb in finite and infinite forms Konda be formed. The verb forms nine finite Categories: Affirmative the past, Affirmative non - past negative of the past, negative non - past, durative, imperative, prohibitive (negative imperative), and Desiderativ obligative. Affirmative and negative of the past and non- past, temporal meaning, the durative aspectual and the rest modal. The verb is formed from the root, a suffix that indicates tense or mode ( when the past about Affirmative -t), and a personal suffix. As an example, the Affirmative the past for the verb ki ( "to make" ) stated:
The durative denotes a continuous action of the past or non- past, and is formed with one of the suffixes - zin, -sin or in (eg kizinan " he is at making" ). The negative denotes a negated verb form. In the non- past, he is by the negative marker ʔ and the negative Personalsuffixe, which differ somewhat from the Affirmativs (eg kiʔen " he does not "). The negative of the past is formed by combination of the negative marker and the suffix - t for the past ( eg kiʔetan " he did not "). The imperative is formed by the suffix- ʔa in the second person singular and - you know - you, -ru ,-u or -tu in the second person plural (eg kiʔa " do! " Kidu " makes " ). The Prohitiv is a negative imperative, and is expressed by the suffix -ma and format ( eg kima " do not! " Kimat " does not " ).
Dialects
Konda has the language of the illiterate tribal population has no scriptural tradition and therefore also no standard version. The language, therefore, is divided into several local dialects. The most important isogloss runs between the eastern dialect Guri ( Guri ) and the other dialects in the west. The Guri - speakers and speakers of other dialects are spatially separated from each other by 80 km and have little contact with each other. A mutual intelligibility of dialects is given only with difficulty, but the dialects are similar enough, that may be a common language of the question. The differences between the dialects are clearly in the following word equations:
As can be seen from the examples, the initial syllables of words are preserved in Guri dialect, while it was reduced in the other dialects part of the vowel ( Examples 1-2 ) or the syllable is entirely disappeared (3-5). Also reserves the Guri dialect original v, which has become in the western dialects ʔ (6-8). In contrast, the retroflex n with the alveolar n ( 8-9) as well as the sound sequences nr and R ( 10-13) have collapsed, while the other dialects preserve the distinction in Guri dialect.