Krišjānis Valdemārs

Krišjānis Valdemārs (born 20 Novemberjul / December 2 1825greg in Erwahlen ( Ārlava ) in the government of Courland, now the town Valdgale, .. .. † 25 Novemberjul / December 7 1891greg in Moscow) was a Latvian journalist, writer and promoter of maritime and co-founder of the movement of the young Latvians. In his German texts, he is, as Christian author Woldemar, in Russian Христиан Мартынович Валдемар.

Life

Krišjānis Valdemārs was born on the farm Vecjunkuri in the community Ārlava as the son of the pastor and his wife Marija Mārtiņš Valdemārs. After visiting the school in Lubezers he sided with 15 years service as a teacher at the school Sasmaken (now Valdemārpils ). He then worked as a parish clerk in Ruhenthal ( Rundāle ) and Edwahlen ( Ēdole ). In 1853 he published the textbook 300 Stāsti ... (300 stories ... ). In it, he refers in his didactic intentions to the German Pastor Gotthard Friedrich Stender (1714-1796, called the old Stender ) and his son Alexander Johann Stender (1744-1819, called the young Stender ). In 1854, he graduated in Libau ( Liepaja ) from high school and began studying at the University of Tartu. He majored in Economics ( cameral ).

In the corporate state of the Baltic provinces of Russia there was no distinction of nationalities. Therefore, his confession, Nicolette ( Latvietis ) excited to be a sensation, because education was firmly linked with membership of the German language. At the University he organized together with Juris Alunāns meeting of like -minded people and advocated for the study of Latvian tradition.

After graduating in 1858 he worked in the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg. During this period he also wrote a correspondent for the German -speaking St. Petersburgische newspaper. In 1862 he became editor of the newspaper Pēterburgas Avīzes that targeted as a radical Latvian voice against the Baltic German government and the remnants of the feudal landlord farming. This newspaper was the organ of the developing movement of the Young Latvians. The Russian censorship made ​​this organ in 1865 to an end. However, the movement of the Young Latvians was not interrupted by this prohibition. Juris Alunāns and Krišjānis Valdemārs regarded as the founder.

1864 Valdemārs supported the establishment of a naval school in the coastal town Haynasch ( Ainaži ). In the following years further naval schools were built in the Latvian coastal cities. The free training in these institutes were many sons of farm workers new opportunities and had a significant impact on the economy. Shipbuilding was promoted and a merchant fleet grew.

In later years Valdemārs was involved in polemics with German Balts. He campaigned for navigation and published the first Latvian Marine lexicon. From 1867 he was in Moscow journalistically active. In 1870, he headed the newly founded Moscow German newspaper. After his suggestion Fricis Brīvzemnieks organized the Moscow Latvian literary evenings, from which the connection developed Akademiska Vienība Austrums ( Academic Association East). The folkloristic research was continued by Krišjānis Barons. Valdemārs died in Moscow and was buried in Riga. The city was renamed after him and Valdemārpils in Riga carries a street its name. The Naval Academy was founded by Valdemārs Ainaži now houses the Museum Ainazu jūrskolas muzejs.

Family

Krišjānis Valdemārs was one of ten children of his parents. Only he and two siblings survived 15 years of age:

• The elder brother, Johann Heinrich ( Indriķis ) Woldemar ( 1819-1880, historian and archivist ) who turned into Germans.

• The younger sister Marija Medinska (1830-1887, writer ).

1864 married Krišjānis Valdemārs the Baltic German writer Luise Johanna von Ramm ( 1841-1914 ). My children had not couple but recorded three foster daughters.

Works

• 300 stāsti, smieklu stāstiņi && un Miklas, ar ko jaunekļiem un pieaugušiem lusti uz grāmatām vairot gribējis. (300 stories, funny short stories and puzzles to stimulate interest in books for youths and adults ), Liepāja 1853
• About the attraction of Latvians and Estonians to the Sea, together with notes and aphorisms in relation to the industrial, intellectual and statistical conditions of Latvians and Estonians and the three Baltic provinces ūberhaupt in Dorpat Magazine Germany ( 1857), afterwards printed under this title as a booklet.
• Baltic, especially Livonian peasant states (Leipzig, 1862; published anonymously )
• Contributions to the History and Statistics of scholars and school institutions of the Imperial Russian Ministry of Public Enlightenment St. Petersburg. Roettger & Schneider, 1865 - VII, 271 S.
• The Latvians emigrating to Novgorod in 1865 and the Baltic German press, Bautzen 1867
• Patriotic and Nonprofit, Issue 1 (255 pages) and Volume 2 (352 pages), Moscow, Imperial University printing office, 1871
• Russian - Latvian - German dictionary ( 1872)
• Latvian - Russian - German Dictionary (1879 )
• Russian - Latvian Dictionary (1890)
• Nautical Pocket Dictionary Russian - English - French - German - Italian - Danish - Norwegian with supplements Dutch and Spanish (Moscow 1881)
• Raksti (Works, 2 volumes) Riga 1936-1937.
• Tēvzemei ​​( The Homeland) ISBN 5-401-00651-9 Riga in 1991.
• Apceres, raksti, vēstules (For 170th birthday: Observations, records, letters ), Riga in 1995.

Swell

• Friedrich Scholz: The Literatures of the Baltic States. Their origin and development. West German publisher, Opladen 1990. ISBN 3-531-05097-4.
• Ināra Strašulāne (ed.): Latviešu rakstniecība biogrāfijās. Publisher Zinatne, Riga 2003. ISBN 9984-698-48-3.
• Erika Zimule: Literatūra Rokasgrāmata skolēniem un studentiem. Publisher Zvaigzne, Riga 2004. ISBN 9984-36-839-4.
• O. Čakars, A. Grigulis, M. Losberga: Latviešu literatūras vēsture no pirmsākumiem līdz XIX gadsimta 80th gadiem (Latvian literary history from its beginnings to the 80s of the 19th century ); Publisher Zvaigzne, Riga 1990. ISBN 5-405-00403-0.
• Viktors Hausmanis et al. Latviešu literatūras vēsture, trešais sējums. Publisher Zvaigzne, Riga 2000. Edited by Latvijas Universitates Literatūras, folkloras and mākslas Institute ISBN 9984-17-033-0.
• Jānis Andrups, Vitauts Kalve: Latvian literature. Publisher M. Goppers, Stockholm 1954.
• Andrejs Vics: Krišjānis Valdemārs in: Ludis Berzins et al.: Latviešu Literatūras vesture sesos sējumos, otrais sējums. Publisher Literatūra, Riga 1935.
• Ilze Bernsone: Latvijas vesture Jūrniecības. Rigas vestures un kuģniecības muzejs / Preses nams, Rīga 1998. ISBN 9984-00-301-9.
• Ulrike von Hirsch Hausen: The boundaries of the community. German, Latvians, Russians, and Jews in Riga from 1860 to 1914. Göttingen 2006 ( Critical Studies on the History Vol 172).
• Alexander von Tobien: The Livonian knights in their relation to Tsarism and Russian nationalism, volume 2 Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 1930.