Kröger–Vink notation

As Kröger - Vink notation is a series of conventions that are used to represent electric charge and position of lattice defects in crystals. The notation was suggested by Ferdinand Anne Kroeger and Hendrik Jan Vink.

Syntax

M refers to the species. Species may be:

• Atoms - for example, Si, Ni, O, Cl
• Free lattice positions - V
• Electron - e
• Holes - h

S denotes the lattice position, which occupies the species. For example, Ni can occupy the lattice position, which would normally be occupied by Cu. In this case M would be replaced by Ni and S by Cu. The position may also be an interstitial site, the icon 'i' S is used.

C denotes the electric charge relative to the charge of the ion normally present there. For example, nickel is often the same number of valence electrons, such as copper, so that the relative load is zero. To indicate that no difference in charge between ersetztem and ersetzendem ion is, the symbol is used. A single symbol is used to indicate a weak positive charge. Two symbols indicate a double positive charge. Negative, relative charges are marked with the icon. For identification of negative charges and the slash and the minus to be used.

Examples

= An aluminum ion is situated at the lattice position of an aluminum ion. The relative charge is therefore zero.

= A nickel ion is situated at the grid position of a copper ion. The relative charge is zero.

= A space where normally a chlorine ion would be located. The relative charge is simply positive.

= A calcium ion is located on an interstitial space. The relative charge is two-fold positive.

= An electron with single negative charge.

• Chemical nomenclature
• Crystallography