Kurmanji Kurdish

Spoken in

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian Iranian Westiranisch Nordwestiranisch Kurmanji

Sdh

Kurmanji (Kurdish Kurmanci or Kirmancî ) or Northern Kurdish is one of the three Kurdish languages.

About 65 % of all Kurds speak Kurmanji. It is mainly spoken but in Turkey and in Syria and Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Armenia and some other former Soviet republics. In Europe, widespread Kurmanji strong especially through immigration. In Kurdology the term is used Nordkurdisch in the German language for Kurmanji.

Kurmanji forms Sorani ( Zentralkurdisch ) and Südkurdisch the group of Kurdish languages. There are differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar between these languages. In addition, the Sorani Kurdish is - in contrast to the Kurmanji usually written in Persian script.

4.1 alphabet

5.1 interrogative pronouns

6.1 Nominal Categories
6.2 case
6.3 morphemes
6.4 conjugation 6.4.1 Present - normal form
6.4.2 Present Progressive
6.4.3 Future

8.1 dictionaries

Classification

Indo-European languages Indo-Iranian languages Iranian languages West Iranian languages Northwestern Iranian languages Kurdish languages Kurmanji

Political Situation of the Language

Turkey

The language Kurmanji been exposed restrictions and prohibitions for decades in the Republic of Turkey. So the publishing, broadcasting the TV or radio broadcasts, singing, teaching the language and from the 1980s to the 1990s was even forbidden to speak the language. Since January 2009, there are in Turkey, TRT 6, a Kurdish state television. At the Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi in Mardin chairs of Kurdish and Assyrian language and literature have been set up at the Institute of Modern Languages . The University of Tunceli has since 2010 also in addition to the Zaza language and Kurmanji as an optional subject at.

Soviet Union and Iraq

The situation in the Soviet Union was better due to their minority policy. So there was already in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century Kurdish publications and even Kurdish Institute in St. Petersburg and in the Armenian SSR.

In northern Iraq resulted as a result of the Kurdish national movement, a similar situation as in the Soviet Union.

Kurmanji as a literary language

Kurmanji is the most widely used Kurdish language. It is almost exclusively in the Southeast clear majority and partially used in northern Iraq and western Iran in the north- western Iraq. Kurmanji is written since the 1930s with Latin letters.

Pronunciation

Alphabet

( See main article Kurdish writing systems )

The Nordkurdisch is written mainly in the Kurdish- Latin alphabet. Of the 31 letters whose pronunciation is broadly consistent with the case, eight vowels ( ae î ê i ou û ) and 23 consonants (bc ç ş dfghjklmnpqrs tvwxyz ).

Lower case: abc ç ê de fghi î û jklmnopqrs ş tu vwxyz Capital letters: ABC Ç Ê DE FGHI JKLMNOPQRS Î Ş Û TU VWXYZ

There are also in the Kurdish north nor the digraph Xw.

Special Characteristics of the sound system:

The Kurmanji has no uniform phonetic system. The Southeastern dialects are facing the Northwest dialects of Kurmanji. In these, among other things, in the provinces of Kahramanmaras, Malatya and Konya spoken dialects, one uses some of the other sounds. The following are some vowels and consonants are enumerated, which relates to it by and large: the long open a pronounced like a long open o, as in English Baseball, from. The short e is often found as a short a. The ç speak the speakers like a German z. The sound c is with them a voiced alveolar affricate, ie a "ds " with a voiced s Moreover, the interrogative pronoun ki (Who) perceived and Kengi ( When) as " CI " and " Cinci ". The prepositions bi ( with ), ji ( from, to) and P ( in, to ) be "ba", "yes" and pronounced " la ".

It should be noted that in a dialect Kurmanji prevails continuum. This means that the numerous dialects merge smoothly into each other in these two dialect groups. For the Northwestern dialects no alphabet is available. Most speakers of these case- chart of the Kurmanji back out on the Turkish language in the correspondence.

Pronoun

Interrogative pronouns

Grammar

Nominal categories

The noun (noun, adjective, pronoun ) of the northern Kurdish has the following categories:

Case

The Nordkurdisch distinguishes only two cases, namely the subject case ( casus rectus ) and the object case ( casus obliquus ) and thus has a Zweikasusflexion. The casus rectus corresponds to the German nominative, while the casus obliquus takes over functions that are in other languages usually expressed with the genitive, dative, accusative and the locative. In addition to these two forms there is also a vocative.

Casus rectus of personal pronouns:

Casus obliquus of personal pronouns:

¹ Since the casus obliquus is used because of ergativity in transitive verbs, the pronouns for the nominative can stand.

² The third person singular is the casus obliquus both gender- specific and locative and would translate it here or it mean over there.

³ The third person plural in the casus obliquus is only locative.

Morphemes

If a noun is to be determined closer to the noun merges with the respective morpheme. There are different morphemes, below are just examples of gender- forming morphemes.

Morphemes in the casus rectus

Examples:

Morphemes in the casus rectus

Your love - EVINA te
His name - nature WI
Our children - Zarokên me

Morphemes in the casus obliquus

Examples:

Mêrekî Mala - The house of a man
The dress of the woman - Kirasê Jine
Home of the Kurds - Welatê Kurdan

Conjugation

Present - normal form

The present tense is formed in Kurdish by appending a prefix di - and the personal ending.

Example: kirin - making

In some verbs the prefix is assimilated to the stem. As an example, another word for walking herin. Instead of Ez diherim the short form Ez or Ez Darim terim is used.

Example: Cun - go

Another example of an irregular verb is know Zanin with the infinitive, where the prefix di is omitted in a few dialects. However, this is not widespread.

Present progressive

History shapes are formed in which appending an "e" to the present tense. However, in the third person singular is the Y- rule for application, since the end is already an "e". The German language is progressive forms only in dialects, so the following example is not high language:

Future tense

For the future tense is used instead of di - prefix bi- used. In addition, the noun has an ending " ê " is appended, which is unstressed but that can be written separately or together.

I'll sell bread - Eze nan bifiroşim

However, there are many irregular verbs. For morphological reasons, it does not mean eze " biherim " but:

I'll go - Eze herim

Splitergativität

The Nordkurdische owns as well as other languages neuiranische a preterite Splitergativität. Thus, with transitive verbs in the past tense is not the agent in the rectus, but in the oblique, and the direct object in the rectus (and not oblique ). This construction can be easily explained from the formation of the past tense forms of a verbal adjective, the transitive verbs passive, intransitive verbs had an active meaning: instead of " I saw you " it really means literally " you [ rectus ] ( wast ) by [ oblique ] saw me ". This type of construction is already present in the Old Persian and in almost all Middle Iranian languages that have neuiranischen keep him in part.

Perfect:

Example:

MinCasus oblique rectus tuCasus Diti. = I saw you

But:

EzCasus rectus cum = I'm gone.

Here the agent is in the casus rectus, because " go " is an intransitive verb.

Language family Kurdish people Persian alphabet Kurdish alphabet Kurdish alphabets Digraph (orthography) Grammatical number Locative case Ergative case Agent (grammar)

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