Ladder
A ladder is a device with rungs for ascent and descent, which are fitted in two bars left and right. In contrast to common parlance are called conductors rides in mining.
There are ladders made of wood, steel, aluminum and plastic. Conductor types are ladders of which are modeled eg to a wall, double ladders that can be free-standing, Auflegeleitern which either in whole or in part, on one level (eg roof ), and permanently installed conductors. A fundamentally different design are not standing on the ground, but hanging rope ladders and Einhängeleitern.
Portable ladders
" Portable ladders " are generally ladders that can be carried by one or more people. Thus, these ladders can be quickly and flexibly used in different places.
Portable ladders in the fire service and other agencies
The advantages of portable ladders make especially the fire brigade and the THW advantage. They serve as an alternative escape route of people from a burning house or attack vector for fire fighting. In addition, they can be used as improvised rescue device for other tasks are available ( for example, when water and ice rescue, with the support, etc.).
The use of portable ladders in the German fire brigades is enshrined in the fire service provision 10.
It may only be used according to standard ladders ( see below).
Here the working height or the operating altitude is referred to as rescue height.
Scaling ladder
The plug head is the most commonly available at the fire department ladder, because it can be used most dynamically. Depending on the purpose and the required height can be inserted up to four ladder sections together.
It is an engagement ladder, that is, it requires a fixed object to which they can be modeled in a 65-75 ° angle (for example, house wall, tree). It is also possible to use them as a ladder goat, it must then not but be climbed, but now only be used for example as a tubular bridge. Furthermore, a ladder section can also be used as Behelfstrage or rescue of collapsed in the ice people.
Fire engines are generally loaded with a two - or four-part scaling ladder.
The following lengths are indicated in sectional ladders according to the standard (see below):
This makes it possible that with four conductor parts, the second floor can be achieved.
The difference between the conductor length of several parts and the sum of the length of the items resulting from the overlap of the parts during mating. Where the parts that overlap each 80 cm and every other part, extending the lead length to 1.90 m.
More than four scaling ladder parts can not be assembled in accordance with the relevant accident prevention regulations. In some cases even longer sectional ladders were used to rescue people in case of emergency; this, however, is solely the responsibility of the officer in charge.
We distinguish between so-called A - and B- parts parts: the A- parts have, so they can not be connected to a conductor member and the ladder foot rungs. An A- part is therefore always the lowest ladder section. At B - parts are missing the bottom two rungs, thus, another part are infected. For a time it was customary to place a portion of A- B to use a portion in which a short length of two bars is inserted. Meanwhile, one of which is strayed again. Additionally, there is a connector to two conductor parts to connect to a so-called double ladder, the ladder may no longer be climbed ( see above).
The grip during mating receives the ladder by compounds made of sheet steel which are fixed inside or outside on the bars, which include fixed the ends of the other fiber end. In addition, the assembled parts are interlocked by means of a spring bolt.
Sectional ladders there is made of light metal or wood. The beams of the wooden plug conductors are made of spruce, pine or larch wood, the shoots, which are glued to the spars are made of ash. Additional stability obtains the scaling ladder rung by additional anchor.
In use, the plug head of generally three or four firefighters is made.
Bockleiter
A double ladder consists of two parts B, or a B- part and an A part. The ladder part is entangled with the foot at the head of the other lead part and the cross points are secured by a mast litter per side.
After the ladder was placed, it is backed with a fire service line of a rung of a ladder rung to the other conductor. This on the one hand prevents a swinging out of the conductor parts, and allows the other hand to regulate the inclination of the ladder parts. Can then over here, for example, hoses are installed, or it can be used as a fixed point for a hoist. To use a stepladder as a fixed point, a standpipe is placed as deflection roller in the entanglement of the fiber tip through which the rope is passed. Thus, the fire department can also use simple means to perform a rescue from ducts.
There are for the standardized scaling ladder parts but also industrially produced plug wire connectors for making a double ladder of two or four plug- conductor parts. In addition, this connecting part has a loop below to mount a pulley or hoist, for example rollgliss.
Hose overpass ( bridge )
A hose bridge consists of at least 3 wire parts, the horizontal ladder sections can be extended by up to two plug- conductor parts.
Such hose bridge is basically built then, when it is anticipated that over a road for a long time a water conveyor line is laid. It is a substitute for conventional hose bridges, which have the disadvantage that are not to cross for cars with low ground clearance and inhibit the flow of traffic greatly. However, a hose bridge conductors has the disadvantage that no major vehicles (eg trucks), they can go through.
The structure is similar to a double ladder. The horizontal conductor parts are intertwined with the vertical conductor parts, the feet should be inclined outwards. They are then secured with mast litters. May be introduced in order to bring more stability to the structure or on each side of a diagonal line. To the ladder to prevent it from tilting over (altogether 4 ) attached, with which the hose bridge can be erected and with which it is then secured to fixed points on the crossing points of the ladders on each side holding a leash. It is recommended to lay the hose lines dry before the erection of the conductor parts and in addition still retain a hose as a replacement.
As you raise the hose bridge at least 4 people are required, 2 to the mooring lines in the direction of erecting and 2 for lifting. If it is set up, the mooring lines at fixed points must (vehicle, tree, etc.) and secure the ladder feet against the traffic to back up. To this end, set up pylons to the head and feet of parking a fire brigade member with warning flag or Winkerkelle.
Extension ladder
The two-or three-part extension ladder is made of two or three Positionable ladder movably connected parts which can be pulled apart with a traction cable.
The standardized three-piece variant has pushed together a transport length of 5,60 m, completely undressed a deployment length of 14 m. In order for a rescue height of 12 m and reaching the third upper floor is possible.
The two-piece variant has an insertion length of 9.70 m and can reach the 2nd floor.
Lower, middle and upper conductors each have 17 rungs. An extension ladder made of wood weighs 100 kg, the aluminum version is 75 kg significantly lighter.
Folding ladder
The folding ladder (also twin conductor ) is an engagement ladder of the fire department. According to the standard (see below ), she folded a length of 3.26 m, unfolded a length of 3 m and is thus the only standardized ladder, their transport length is greater than the insert length. When folded, the folding ladder is in the shape of a square timber with rounded corners. It requires so little space and can be easily stowed in a vehicle.
The folding ladder is well suited to overcome small differences in height and for use in confined spaces or shafts. The folding ladder has 9 rungs, and weighs about 10 kilograms. The bars are usually made of spruce, pine or larch wood, the rungs are made of ash wood and shod with additional steel plate. The wooden parts of the folding ladder are oiled with linseed oil and coated with a layer of clear coat.
Hook Head
The hook ladder corresponded earlier with the standards of the fire, but this is no longer so today (see below). It is 4.40 m long and has a hook at the top, with which they can be suspended in an elevated opening. It must not be used as engagement ladder, as it is, however, designed for train, not for pressure loads. Since they can be as described above, for example, to any balcony or hung in each window, its working height is virtually unlimited as the sole director.
It is rarely used, such as when other types of conductors are not suitable. Hook ladders with steel hooks (68 cm) 11 kg, ladders with alloy hook ( 70 cm) weigh about 9 kg. The hook has 11 teeth, so that the conductor can not slip after mounting. The tip of the hook is bent downwards. Two deflector on the bottom side of the circuit to ensure that a sufficient distance from the wall or wall is maintained. The rails of the ladder hooks are made of pine, larch, spruce or ash wood, the shoots, which are reinforced with additional rung anchors and wedged in the bars and glued, are made of ash wood. On the inside of the rails a galvanized steel wire that the head stays fully functional even in the event of a spar damage makes. Meanwhile, however, hook ladders made of aluminum with a titanium-reinforced steel hooks are common.
The hook ladder is usually done by two people, but always climbed by only one person (both party people rise successively from floor to floor ).
Multi Function Head
The so-called multi-purpose ladder is not a rescue ladder as the conductors described above. It is listed as a multi-purpose ladder in the latest standard for rescue vehicles and fire trucks.
Turntable ladder
Aerial rescue turntable ladders are the firefighters. You can, depending on the type, up to 50 m, and be higher. A simplified and outdated form of the ladder is the trailing head. → Main article: Drehleiter
Standardize
The following standards for portable ladders in Fire & Emergency:
With into force of the agreements of the Member States of the World Trade Organization ( WTO) compete against the restriction of free competition and trade through technical standards - especially the 'Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade " ( TBT) - are the standards for the safety of portable ladders and portable stairs obsolete become and may not be used as legal rules, as long as it is not established scientifically stringent that technical standards, design specifications or operating instructions for portable ladders and portable stairs harm for noncompliance with the health or lead to an impairment of national security. Because this evidence is missing, the certification of portable ladders and stairs according to available standards within the WTO countries has become obsolete for legal regulation of safety in dealing with ladders.
Continuous conductor
A training tool for fire departments and other units which was already used early last century. The electrically operated exercise apparatus has round rungs spaced normal ladder rungs, which are mounted on an endless chain. Its function is similar to the earlier conventional paternoster lifts. By means of photocell or manual switch set in motion, " running" it in an adjustable rate of climb of about 3 to 25m/Minute to which also set " riser height" is reached.
Other types of conductors
Ladder
The ladder, also called engagement ladder, according to the stepladder is the most common head in the commercial and private sectors. It consists of two bars and rungs therebetween. It is available in various lengths and material types. In addition to the one-piece ladder, there are also the 2 - or 3-part ladder ( ladder, where you can move the ladder sections to reach greater heights ).
Multi-purpose ladder
The multi-purpose ladder consists of three ladder sections that can be used either as a " three-part ladder ( ladder ) " or " ladder with two risers and a supporting part ." For stability, the multi-purpose ladder always has an additional stabilizer bar.
The maximum stand height for leaning ladders 7,00 m.
Stepladder
A ladder is a ladder of two parts connected together by joints. To prevent accidental spread of the ladder, the two parts are connected by a chain or a shackle.
Stepladder
A stepladder or household ladder is a stepladder, with three to eight levels. It consists of two interconnected parts (head part and the support part ), which are designed for stability often conical. The step stool has a top step a stand pedestal. The should allow safe standing of the user and engage in a cross-brace of the support member. The compact design allows it to keep the stepladder space.
Roofers Head
A roofer ladder is a Auflegeleiter. It has flat bars and is flexible. She bent upward shoots, so the foot in spite of the flat Aufliegens the ladder still has room to perform.
Stile
Stile have only a spar (also called Tyrolean Rises Anne ), from which depart the rungs in both directions. Because only one beam is present, this type of circuit can be used easily even in difficult terrain, such as fruit picking, see climbing tree. They are also used by divers on boats, as they can also be mounted with applied fins.
Raiders Head
The robbers conductor is no conductor in the classical sense. It is a circuit which consists of at least one person; doing some kind of support is formed by the hands are clasped and thus forms a tread. This can now be used by other people as the first rung. The second rung is usually the shoulder.
Wall bars
The fortified in gyms on the wall trainer for personal training called ladder or wall bars.
Knitting or Jacob's Ladder
Use and maintenance
As load limit applies one person per conductor part.
Single ladders may be employed (eg house walls ) only with solid ground to fixed points. The angle should be about 65 ° to 75 °, and the heads protrude at least 3 rungs over a possible manhole.
Ladders of wood may be painted with clear lacquer, so cracks or other damage remain recognizable.
Walkways techniques
When climbing a ladder, two techniques can be distinguished, the amble and the cloister.
Stairway to Heaven
In religion there is the vision of a ladder to heaven as the connection between heaven and earth. In the Bible, Jacob sees the ladder to heaven. In the Qur'an: Sura 70, " The stairway to heaven" (Al- Maáridsch ).