Laminitis

Laminitis ( Laminitis ) is an aseptic diffuse inflammation of the claw corium, where the hoof wall separates from the dermis. Acute laminitis is an emergency and requires immediate treatment; in extreme cases it can lead to shedding its. Chronic deer can lead to a coffin bone rotation.

• 6.1 Shortening or increasing the costumes
• 6.2 wedges
• 6.3 The resection of the dorsal hoof wall
• 6.4 The "floating" toe
• 6.5 Expansion joints and localized holes
• 6.6 barefoot trimming by Strasser
• 6.7 Rehebeschlag

Causes

A laminitis may be due to several causes. They have in common that they lead to a disturbance of microcirculation of blood in the corium.

The Belastungsrehe caused by overloading of the hoof. It is mainly caused by long walking on hard floors ( " Marschrehe " ) or. Overload by a hoof, for example, after the immobilization of the opposite leg Even long stable phases can lead to a deer ( " Stallrehe " ) due to the disturbance caused by the blood circulation.

The Futterrehe is the most widely used and laminitis is caused by incorrect feeding. A carbohydrate-rich diet promotes the development of metabolic disorders. Structureless, carbohydrate-rich feed ( eg cereals), lead to explosive growth of streptococci ( carbohydrate -splitting bacteria) in the colon and to a massive release of lactic acid. This caused a mass extinction of rohfaserverdauenden bacteria and release of toxins ( endotoxins ) and hyperacidity in the entire organism. Similarly, probably damaged the intestinal flora due to water absorption by absorbing large quantities of cold water and endotoxins are released during the deer.

A Geburtsrehe can occur by remaining small parts of the placenta in the uterus. This leads to a bacterial decomposition and absorption of endotoxins in the blood stream.

When Vergiftungsrehe in the intestine similar processes as in the Futterrehe be triggered. Poisoning can occur when shooting poisonous plants such as sweet peas, black locust, castor and acorns as well as herbicides, fungicides, pesticides, molds, fungal spores and snake bite. Occasionally, however, are also vaccinations and deworming the trigger of a Vergiftungsrehe when a massive parasitic infestation occurred and large numbers parasites die. There is an incubation period of 2 to 21 days.

Certain medications can be the cause of a Medikamentenrehe. With particular suspected of cortisone preparations.

A deer can also be consequential or incidental disease in Cushing 's syndrome, thyroid disorders, menstrual disorders of the mare (duration horses or lack of Rosse ), colic occur ( poisoning by colonic fermentation) and intestinal inflammation as a result of diarrheal diseases, and as a result of hyperlipidemia ( high blood fats) or cross Verschlags. Also, electricity or lightning can cause local inflammation and thus a deer.

Pathogenesis

In hoof it comes to the pathogenesis of inflammation, which is ( blood cells) causes a local circulatory disturbance with leakage of tissue fluid and solid constituents of the blood vessels of the dermal lamellae. This leads to edema formation and swelling. This leakage caused by the lack of possibility of expansion in the hoof severe pain. In addition, the liquid outlet promotes the detachment process of zipper-like interlocking dermal lamellae (inside) of the epidermal lamellae ( outside).

In the early phase of an adrenaline leads to a narrowing of the arterioles with a ( just a few seconds to minutes continuous ) hypoperfusion. In the second phase, the Arteriolenspasmus dissolves under the influence of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in a local volume of blood (hyperemia ) results. Finally, so-called mediators lead to the narrowing of venules with congestion ( stasis ), which is associated with sludge phenomenon, platelet aggregation, thrombosis, Permeabilitätsstörung and exudation.

With existence of inflammation over 48 hours it is called chronic deer. Consequences can be a lowering of the coffin bone in the capsule, a rotation of the hoof to the coffin joint, the Hufbeinspitze tends towards the ground, or the combination of the two variants.

In severe deer the Hufbeinspitze exerts strong pressure on the sole. The Hufbeinspitze differs from the pressure from below, by deforming ( " ski tip " ) or in which degrades bone. In still more severe cases the Hufbeinspitze breaking through the sole ( Hufbeindurchbruch ).

The final stage is the shedding its, in which the hoof capsule detaches completely. By the majority of Veterinarians proceeds of the animal is advised at this stage. Here healing is theoretically possible. In the conventional treatment, however, the horse has to spend up to 2 years of his life mostly lying and hanging. The success of therapy can not be guaranteed.

Symptoms

At the beginning is a rather cooler hoof than in the normal state detectable. Since this condition is only in the range of minutes, this first symptom is rarely noticed. When inflammation has already occurred, a warmer hoof is observed. The coronet is slightly swollen. The horses show a clammy, sluggish transition, ie, the steps are short and flat, stiff later. The stiffness of the movements is particularly evident in the tight turns of the horse. An increased pulsation of the digital arteries can be felt at the back of the fetlock head. When scanning the sole with the Hufuntersuchungszange shows an increased pain.

If all four legs or only the front legs of the deer affected, is the horse's hind legs forward under the belly and shifted the weight on the hindquarters and on the heels ( Ballenfußung ). Are the hind legs diseased, the horse brings the front legs far back under the belly, lower than counterbalance the head and burden on the hind feet alternately. If only one leg affected, it will uphold this.

As a mark of General Symptom there is an increase in the respiratory (normal 8-16/min at rest) and pulse rate (normal 30-44 per minute ), possibly occurs fever (> 38.4 ° C). Other signs include frequent lying, pain, anxiety, and restlessness.

Acute laminitis is divided by a four-stage model

• Grade 1: In the quiet of the horse's hooves constantly alternately lifts. In step no lameness can be seen at the trot the gait is short and stiff.
• Grade 2: The horse goes forward in step indeed willing, but stiff. The picked up a foot is possible without difficulty.
• Grade 3: The horse moves very reluctantly and fiercely resists the attempt to pick up a foot.
• Grade 4: The horse refuses to move. It can only be lifted by forced running. You may also seizing due to excessive pain is set.

Emergency measures

The immediate understanding of a veterinarian is a top priority at the deer.

Ideal is the immediate and lasting cooling the affected hooves with very cold water. In a pinch, the hooves can also be placed in a bucket of cold water. Cooling of the hooves helps to inhibit the inflammatory process and relieves the pain. After consultation with the vet, if its arrival still takes several hours by other emergencies, aspirin be administered.

An immediate change of diet is recommended for all species of deer, not just in the Futterrehe. It should only hay and straw may be fed supplemented by moderate doses of apples and carrots. In the acute phase of the deer and for prophylaxis, it is recommended to use forage with low forage value (low protein and fructan, such as oat straw and hay deposited ) as the main food or to reduce the Heugabe and replace it with straw. Heavily pregnant ( 9 to 11 months ) and lactating mares should, as they have an increased energy demand, get fat Food supplements because they do not require the Rehegeschehen according to latest research. The enzyme bromelain ( in kiwis and pineapple), a protective function is also attributed.

The horse should, if possible, placed on a soft surface and stress be avoided. If transport is required, the hooves with sponges or associations can be padded.

Treatment by the veterinarian

In acute deer improve circulation and pain management are paramount. Here, for example, acepromazine, heparin ( has been proven to prevent the emergence of deer ), Ginkgo biloba and aspirin used. Diuretics can reduce by draining edema in the early stage. Accompanying can be administered detoxification (liver therapeutics ) and kidney- stimulating substances, and homeopathic remedies, but for which there is no evidence of effect.

Chronic Reheformen require the clarification of the changes caused by X-ray or computed tomography images.

Rehegipse

There are three types of Rehegipsen. The meaning lies in the utter relief of aching, damaged toe by shifting your weight on the heel area and the counteraction of the train of the deep flexor tendon to prevent or stop the associated rotation of the coffin bone.

Rehegipse place high demands on all involved. Pressure changes under the sole can remain unnoticed and uncared for, chafing with risk of infection can be caused by the gypsum and the absolutely vital cooling the toe is not or hardly possible. Furthermore, an additional dangers of injury from stumbling. Also is not to be overstrained especially when the structure of a medium and high Rehegipses Rehegips, or after a short time he has no longer the supporting function in the desired shape. since it refers to the total weight of the horse.

Bloodletting and leeching

When phlebotomy volumes of up to 5 liters of blood are taken, which are depending on size and weight of the horse. Will be charged the correct amount as follows: 9 % of body weight in the horse 's blood, 10 % of this amount of blood can be removed. However, the blood loss is usually held on the quantitative lower limit in order to avoid the risk of circulatory collapse. The exact mechanism of action is unknown.

Another so-called holistic method of treatment of the deer is the local application of leeches. Here, at least four leeches at the coronet be placed along the affected hoof.

There is no scientific proof of efficacy for both methods.

Treatment by various trimmers ( farrier, hoof care, Huforthopäde, Huftechniker, Hufheilpraktiker )

The farrier takes over the removal of iron, if this is feasible, the production of a "floating toe ", shortening or increasing the costumes, the milling of expansion joints, the making of a selective hole, removing the scars horn and the mounting of a Rehebeschlages.

Shortening or increasing the costumes

This is one of the most contentious issues relating to laminitis. The a call for the immediate raising of costumes from the acute phase until complete healing. The others argue for a shortening of the costumes in a greater or lesser extent.

For a costume increase is the fact that the train of the deep flexor tendon and reduces the burden is shifted to the less diseased vessel wall and dermis regions of the costumes. Opponents of the costume increase lead the change in direction of Hufbeinspitze down, an increased burden of Aufhängeapparats and suspensory apparatus and reduced hoof mechanism and the reduced blood flow to the hoof at.

For a costume cut the weight shift responds to the costumes that meets the natural behavior of a Rehepferdes and their correct anatomical shape can be derived from the untreated man hooves of wild horses. The reduction in the costumes leads to a bodenparalleleren coffin bone, weight shift on the shortened costumes reinforces the hoof mechanism and thus promotes better blood circulation and healing of the diseased hoof corium.

Wedges

The use of wedges is controversial, they have a number of disadvantages.

So-called Aufschweißkeile lead to weight increase of the fitting, especially in the heel area and thus often cause a marked tendency to Trachtenfußung. However, they increase the selective pressure on the heel at impact and the deformation of the same ( spurious costumes ).

Insert wedges have a negative effect. The renewable costumes press itself into the plastic wedge. The sinking of the costumes in the wedge material is a mechanical brake for the hoof mechanism. Especially in hard horn qualities related separations of the horn can as columns, hollow and loose walls occur.

Resection of the dorsal hoof wall

When you cut a Rehehufes extensive corrective actions are required, excess hoof horn must be removed. The goal of the dorsal Hufwandresektion is to make the growth of the newly formed Horns grow as close as possible parallel to the coffin bone.

The "floating" toe

During the healing process, the load on the toe damaged should be avoided. The easiest way to achieve this is by the front toes frame is taken off at right angles. This can also be done by forming a let at this point air iron, but not upside down nailed iron. At a minimum, apply 3 mm float, 5 mm is ideal.

Expansion joints and localized holes

Both methods, the milling of expansion joints (two joints, the range from about 1 cm below the coronet to toe ) and the occasional hole ( milled a hole below the coronet ) are used for pressure reduction. The horn to the sclera zoom removed and optionally pierced with a sterile needle. Thus, the accumulated liquid to escape, it occurs immediately relieve pain and loosening of the teeth between the dermis and epidermis flakes is reduced.

Barefoot trimming by Strasser

The method of trimming by Dr. med. Hiltrud Strasser not part of the evidence- based medicine. The barefoot trimming by Strasser leads the vast number back to Huferkrankungen as laminitis, the navicular, lameness " unclear " Genesis, position errors of the joints of the horse's leg and various metabolic disorders in a variety of cases on an anatomically incorrect hoof form and the negative consequences of the horseshoe.

The treatment of laminitis after Strasser made ​​by the attempt of restoring a good nutrient supply to the hoof corium by a decrease of the horseshoe and anatomically correct section of the hoof, which is to facilitate the hoof mechanism again and thus serve the healing of damaged tissue. The use of painkillers is considered in most cases as serving no purpose, since these lead according to Strasser to reduced blood flow and also turn off the body's pain control loop so that the newly formed tissue is overloaded immediately. In contrast to traditional therapy, in the usually prescribed stall rest, the free movement of rehekranken horse belongs in Strasser, therapy, as this is regarded as a prerequisite for a successful healing processes.

The " Strasser method" is controversial. In any case, it is also essential before the first treatment of the hooves to obtain a comprehensive assessment of radiographs by a veterinarian!

Rehebeschlag

See main article Rehebeschlag

In Rehebeschlag various forms of horseshoes are used. Alternatively, plastic fitting, adhesive shoes, artificial horn or hoof boots fasten can be used.

Movement rehekranker horses

Proponents lead to increase blood circulation effect of the movement under hob forced to by conspecifics. And the forced movement of 10 minutes per hour on soft ground in the step during the first 24 hours is recommended in some plants. Opponents warn against the mechanical effect on the already damaged suspensory apparatus and the resulting irreparable damage. Also the natural protective function of pain is stated due to which yes is to be specifically prevents the horse loads the hoof. The majority of veterinarians hufrehebehandelnden calls to an absolute restraint from the beginning.

Chances of recovery

The chances of recovery are always on the degree of illness depends on a comprehensive examination by a veterinarian is therefore essential. The age, side effects, advantages and additional diseases, the transitional assets before and after the Reheerkrankung, also play a role. If necessary, one can get by obtaining a second opinion added security. A farrier who has experience in this area, is a good contact.

The scar horn, as broadening of the white line forms at recovering from laminitis by a lamellar wedge between the dermis and the Hufaußenwand. If this broadening gradually narrower, ie that the lamellar wedge grows out and the coffin bone again takes approximately its original ( unrotated ) position. In severe deer as far as the coffin bone sinks into the hoof capsule that strong pressure on the sole is exercised. This then leads to a curvature of the sole downward ( Vollhuf ).

On the basis of so-called " Reher Inge" can -onset and subsequent course be determined. The onset of the disease is visible as a broad trough, the horn about it, that grows down otherwise in parallel to each other rings running, now apart in the field of costumes. Is the deer survived, this is also evident in normal again down monitored rings. However, this happens only when a comprehensive, continuous therapy is completed.

In a coffin bone rotation of up to 5.5 ° normal operational capability of the horse is very likely, at a rotation of 5.5 to 11.5 ° This is not so sure and at a rotation of 12 °, a future application appears as riding horse as unlikely.

The experts make the issue of forecast for a rehekrankes horse (and thus the question of the future Reitbarkeit ) not so much dependent on the degree of coffin bone rotation, but from the changes in the living environment of the horse after the occurrence of the deer. According to this school not medically recognized method should be possible to a Lowered or in the second and third degree Rotated pedal bone back with a healthy and stable suspension to anchor the wall horn, if the negative environmental factors are eliminated in the habitat of the horse. These include: improper trimming of any kind ( whether hardware or barefoot ), lack of herding (where a low -ranking horse should not be chased by the others), lack of controlled movement incentives, boxing stance. The healing process may be delayed depending on the preliminary damage and disease progression over months and possibly years, a complete healing of the disease is possible in accordance with consistent behavior of the owner and regular corrections of the diseased hoof with good prognosis. Conventional medicine assumes, however, that a rehekrankes horse due to the pain in the corium not normal auffußt and thereby contributes to a worsening of the disease itself.

Prevention

Through welfare as sufficient freedom of movement to a correspondingly large area and group housing and avoiding stress and daily hoof care, some triggering factors can be avoided. To protect against Vergiftungsrehe poisonous plants and fungi should be removed from the pastures.

For prophylaxis of Geburtsrehe the afterbirth should not be pulled out and after their departure they must be checked for completeness. Is this detachment of the placenta did not happen within 2 hours, a veterinarian should be contacted.

To avoid Belastungsrehe trot and canter should be avoided on hard surfaces. After prolonged or strenuous rides and transportation, the legs can be cooled or rubbed with rubbing alcohol or a special gel. For prevention of Stallrehe in unilateral overload, the bandaging of strained leg is recommended. If necessary, may be useful to a short-term suspension of the horse in a suitable holder.

For prophylaxis of Futterrehe obesity must be avoided. It should always be preferred rohfaserreiches feed as seasoned hay and oat straw. When feeding of silage is the composition of the fresh grass of importance as grasses such as ryegrass and clover thus have a high content of water soluble carbohydrates and fructan, which are responsible for the emergence of Futterrehe along with protein. Pasture grass is subject to daily and annual temporal variations. About Permanent grass is best suited for foundered horses. According to the nutritional content of the pasture pasture and grazing periods should be matched with the needs of the horse. New food should first be given in small amounts, a change in diet must always be slow.