Language interpretation

Interpreting falls, as well as the translation, under the general term of the language and cultural mediation (translation). In contrast to the translator, the interpreter transmits an unfixed, so usually spoken text orally or by means of sign language from one language into another.

Word origin

The word interpretation is the Turkish word Dilmac ( mediator, middleman between two parties who speak different languages ​​) basis. About the Slavic word came into German.

Interpreting

Conference Interpreting

Conference interpreting is a generic term for interpreting at conferences, eg at international summits or conferences. At various conferences interpreting techniques can be used. Most frequently translated simultaneously, but it can also consecutive interpreting, or the Whispered are used, a variant of simultaneous interpreting is used in the interpretation without any technical equipment for very few listeners.

Consecutive

Consecutive interpreting is the oldest of interpretation. The interpretation is time- shifted, ie, the interpreter takes, if necessary, during the lecture with the help of his note-taking records and then produces the target text. The target-language version should be streamlined with the consecutive and structured well to relieve the audience, as this type of interpretation extends the presentation time significantly. The individual text passages can vary in length, but commonly include a longer, contiguous portion of content.

When unilateral Consecutive interpretation will be available in only one language direction and to be interpreted passages tend to be longer (usually up to ten minutes). When consecutive bilateral, usually called bilateral interpreting or liaison interpreting, assumes an interpreter both language directions, allowing for communication between two interlocutors, eg interviews or negotiations. The sections are usually shorter here, so that the interpreter works mostly from memory and only partially relies on notes.

Due to the high demand period, consecutive interpreting is now rarely used at conferences. More often, it is on special occasions (eg dinner speeches or receptions ) in high-level of protocol events such as bilateral meetings of Heads of State and Government or cultural events such as author readings and film premieres.

Simultaneous translation

Simultaneous interpreting is a relatively new type of interpretation. In use between spoken languages ​​of this conference equipment is needed, whereas the Sign Language Interpreting usually does not require technical equipment. When spoken language interpreting, the interpreter sits in a soundproof booth and listens to the speaker through headphones. His interpretation, (ie simultaneous) takes place almost simultaneously, is transmitted by microphone and can be heard through the headphones of the conference again. Whether simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages ​​, there is spoken and sign languages ​​, or between sign languages ​​, this type of interpretation is spiritual (high concentration ) and physically ( vocal load) very tiring and requires a sophisticated interpretation systems and high professional competence ahead. Due to the high stress work simultaneous interpreter usually in teams of at least two people together that alternate in certain time intervals.

Special shapes

Relay

As relay mode (or Leitkabinen mode) is the term for simultaneous interpretation, an operation in which the Leitkabine from a smaller, less used language (eg Maltese ) in a "larger" working language (eg English or French) will be interpreted, not only for the audience but also as a source text for the other booths, which then " of the Leitkabine lose weight" and interpret into their respective conference language. The interpreter in the Leitkabine is also referred to as the pivot (French for " focal point ").

Back

As retour is called the Interpreting in the foreign language.

Whispered

Whispered (also Chuchotage, " whisper " of French chuchoter for ) is a form of simultaneous interpreting, but comes without any technical aids from. Interpretation will be provided for a maximum of two people. The interpreter sits between or behind his audience and speak to them the interpretation very quietly. This is extremely tiring for the voice and thus only limited possible.

Today, under Whispered is also understood the help of wireless microphone and 10-20 radio receiver. The simultaneous interpreter sits in a region of the corresponding language group, translated the original language to the desired language, whispering into the microphone. However, for small groups like this kind still be acceptable for multiple languages ​​and listeners uncomfortable and unprofessional ( The Whisper can be disruptive act ). Compact sets are provided by appropriate providers in the rental business.

Other forms of

In the recent past have emerged with new entertainment and information technologies and the increase of live performances in the field of culture (festivals, galas, etc. ) other types of interpreting.

• At the " Media Interpretation " (a form of simultaneous interpreting ) in radio and television should be interpreted as possible in a timely manner, so that no transmission hole. The voice leading, the intonation and the general tone of voice play a special role in interpreting media. So come as media interpreters actually only such interpreters in question either have a " natural talent " on these additional qualifications or have participated in special vocal training, as they have to coexist with other professional speakers.
• For interpreting situations before an audience to be strengthened "stage interpreters " used, which have also often trained as a presenter or journalist.
• Another important area is the interpretation of the police and court, see Interpreter.

Sign Language Interpreting

As a Sign Language Interpreting Interpreting of spoken languages ​​in sign languages ​​and vice versa is called. Since there is no global sign language, but every country has its own language, it can come in the other also for interpreting from a sign language.

Interpreting Scripture

When interpreting Scripture interpretation of spoken languages ​​is referred to in written language. It is to unilateral interpretation. Here, different Schriftdolmetschverfahren used. See text reporters.

History Of Interpreting

Interpretation was probably soon after the emergence of language about 100,000 years ago. However, the history of interpretation is still little explored. Notes on interpreters are known inter alia from the Egyptian Old Kingdom, later also from ancient Greece and Rome.

A famous figure in the history of interpretation, in which time and again ignited the debate about roles and relationships of loyalty, the interpreter, is the Aztec Marina ( La Malinche ), which interpreted for Hernán Cortés and is often depicted as a traitor of the natives.

In European diplomacy, there were over the centuries, various traffic languages ​​in which multilateral meetings were held. French, for example, known as the language of international relations until the First World War. Bilateral meetings were also held, however, with the help of interpreters in the languages ​​of both parties.

In order to have an interpreter for oriental languages ​​, exchanged European governments long time children (so-called " voice boys ' or enfants de langue ) from other farms that grew up there and learned the local language.

The Interpreting described above were only in the course of the 20th century, its present form. Simultaneous interpreting (except the Whispered that probably already rather was ) is the youngest Dolmetschdisziplin. Simultaneous interpreters were first used at the Nuremberg trials on a larger scale.

A well-known interpreters of the 20th century was Paul -Otto Schmidt, who worked in the Foreign Office in the Third Reich and headed to the war, the Language and Interpretation Institute in Munich (SDI ).