Layer-by-layer

The term layer-by -layer method or lamination substrate is a procedure for application of monomolecular layers of polyelectrolytes to a substrate. The substrate must carry a surface charge, so that an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte can attach. By alternately applying cationic or anionic polyelectrolyte solution forms a coating system that is very stable due to strong Coulomb interaction. After each layer, a washing operation is necessary. This can not be removed to the surface by way of polyelectrolytes in order not to neutralize the solution to the next layer. The solutions can be brought to the substrate by spraying or spin coating, or the substrate is immersed directly in the polyelectrolyte solution.