Lentibulariaceae
Flowering Utricularia longifolia
The water hose plants ( Lentibulariaceae ) are a family of plants that belongs to the Lippenblütlerartigen ( Lamiales ). It includes some 350 plant species in three genera, all of which are carnivorous plants.
Description
Vegetative habit
The species of the family are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, often are water plants, some species are epiphytes. All species are carnivorous, by special, different, depending on the genus organs they are able to capture and digestion of small creatures, amongst their range of prey animals besides also protists, algae, or pollen.
Roots are missing ( water hoses, Reuse traps) or are greatly reduced ( Butterworts ). The leaves are spirally, in basal rosettes or distributed along foothills. They often find themselves replaced by leaf-like remodeled, single or multiple articulated stems that are photosynthetically active. Blattdimorphismus or polymorphism is common.
Flower and Fruit
The inflorescences are terminal or lateral, long -stalked, non-or weakly branched grapes, in many cases, there are also individual flowers. Bracts are common, but can also missing, along the inflorescence axis, they are usually greatly reduced. There are often two bracteoles, which may be more or less fused with the bracts but at the approaches of the flower stems.
The flowers are zygomorphic, fünfzählig and hermaphrodite, the calyx is divided into two, four, or five parts, or two-lipped, the flower tube is very short. The sepals are permanent and often non grow to approach out. The petals are fused and two-lipped and often yellow or purple. The simple or two -, four-, five - or sechslappige lower lip is provided at the throat usually with a raised, often two-part and usually at the base with an awl-shaped and cylindrical, conical or bag-shaped spur. The upper lip is simple or two, seldom multi-lobal.
There are two anchored at the base of the crown stamens present, the stamens are linear, short and usually bent towards each other, rarely longer and bent, just occasionally. The fortified with her back to the stamen anthers are elliptical, have two counters, the bend itself and more or less confluent, they open by a simple slit.
The stamp has two carpels. The unilocular, round, oval or elliptical ovary is upper constant, the simple style short to very short, rarely it is missing. The scar is double lip, the upper lip is usually less than the lower. The ovules are anatrop, slightly recessed into the placenta and placed either basally or centrally. The valvat or front circular opening capsule fruits usually contain numerous individual on the rare is not opening capsules seeds. These are usually very small, of very different shape, the seed coat is usually thin, spongy or corky, rare slime- forming, an endosperm is missing.
Genetics
The chromosome base numbers ranging from n = 7 to n = 12
The family includes the highly developed genera Reuse traps and water hoses many species with very small genomes, including the three smallest genomes of all angiosperms in general:
The mutation rates in the matK genes of chloroplasts of Reuse traps and water hoses are also among the highest of all angiosperms.
Dissemination
Water hose plants are of global temperate to tropical zones in common, but individual species pressing on to to the limits of sub-polar regions ( Greenland, North Siberian Lowland, Alaska, Tierra del Fuego ). However, you avoid arid and semi- arid areas, so are almost completely absent in North Africa, the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, much of Central Asia and the interior of Australia. Your highest biodiversity they reach in tropical Central and South America, Southeast Asia and the tropical northern Australia.
Like all carnivorous plant species thrive water hose plants in damp or wet locations, notwithstanding this, they often tolerate but also comparatively low-light locations.
System
The family includes three genera:
- Fat herbs ( Pinguicula )
- Reuse traps ( Genlisea )
- Water hoses ( Utricularia )
Around 350 species are among them, including more than 220 water hoses, around 100 fat herbs and a little more than 20 Reuse traps. The number of species continues to grow through new taxa, especially at the water hoses and the fat herbs.
The monophyly of the family is just as controversial as scope, the definitions of the genera to each other and their phylogeny. The fat herbs are considered the evolutionarily most primitive genus, Reuse traps and water hoses form a significantly more sophisticated clade. The following cladogram shows the relationships of the genera to each other:
Reuse traps ( Genlisea )
Water hoses ( Utricularia )
Fat herbs ( Pinguicula )
The phylogenetic relationships within the order of Lippenblütlerartigen however, are poorly understood, the position of the water hose plants in them is not clear. Repeatedly it has been assumed that the closest relatives of the family, the Gemsenhorngewächse ( Martyniaceae ) or the rainbow plants ( Byblis ) are the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group closed the latter in 2003 even in the water hose plants a, a concept that does not prevailed. Recent studies also drag a relationship with the catalpa family ( Bignoniaceae ) into account, none of these results is, however reliable.
Botanical history
The name Lentibularia that as much as " small (water) lens " means to German and the similarity of the exclusively aquatic living in Europe water hose species with the habit of the duckweed ( Lemna ) points out, was already in the pre- linneischen Botany in use. Linnaeus represents the entry of the Species Plantarum the name as a synonym of the Utricularia and references the name in the Ordo Plantarum qvae sunt Flore Irregulari Monopetalo of August Quirinus Rivinus of year 1690.
1754 was already using Jean François Séguier the name again and thus applies the rules of the ICBN, according as describer. The genus name is now out of use or synonymized with the water hoses, only in Louis Claude Marie Richard 1808 first described the family name he is still preserved.
Important contributions to the knowledge of the family delivered in the 20th century, especially Peter Taylor ( water hoses, Reuse traps), Elza Fromm Trinta ( Reuse traps, water hoses ) and Siegfried Jost Casper (fat herbs, water hoses).
Evidence
- F. Kamienski: Lentibulariaceae. In: Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler and Karl Anton Eugen Prantl (ed. ): The natural plant families [ ... ] Part IV. 3 Department b. , 1895, Ss. 108-123
- Robert E. Woodson, Jr., Robert W. Schery, Peter Taylor: Flora of Panama - Part IX - Family 176 - Lentibulariaceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol 63, No. 3, 1976, p 565
- Peter Taylor: Lentibulariaceae. In: Flora Zambesiaca, Vol 8, Pt. 3, 1988, online
- Zhen - Yu Li: Lentibulariaceae. In: Flora of Taiwan, Vol 4, 2nd Ed, 1998, p 718, online.